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These sentences may be represented by the following tree-branch diagrams:
These three diagrams appear to be the same. Some people may think they have a common structure. But actually, they differ greatly from each other. So, by using IC analysis, we cannot indicate the radical differences of the hierarchical structures.
（2）标记法直接成分分析：
In order to overcome this problem, we modify IC analysis by labeling each constituent with a syntactic category. The revised method is called Labeled IC analysis（标记法直接成分分析). So the above three sentences can be drawn as follows:
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3）短语标记法：
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However, people feel that the diagrams by Labeled IC analysis are too redundant. So we may simplify them by omitting the linguistic forms at sentence-level and phrase-level. Now, we may draw the diagrams again according to this method:
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（4）括号标记法：
例如：The girl put the book on the desk.
[S[NP[Det the][N girl]][VP[V put][NP[Det the][N book]][PP[P on][NP[Det the][N desk]]]]] 5.2 本单元概念：
i. Phrase markers may reveal three kinds of syntactic relations simultaneously: 表示法的三个优点
A. the linear ordering of words 句子语言形式的横向线性顺序 B. the syntactic category of each constituent 纵向句法范畴 C. the hierarchical arrangement of constituents等级安排 ii. What is a node? 节
Each branching point in a phrase marker is called a node.
iii. If a phrase only contains a word, it is always labeled first with a phrase category and then with a lexical category.
iv. Two kinds of phrase markers:
A. complete phrase marker: The phrase marker which conveys the entire information on the hierarchical arrangement of sentential constituents is called a complete phrase marker.
B. partial phrase marker: If a phrase marker is abbreviated by using a triangle to represent a larger constituent, it is called a partial phrase marker. 例如：参见131页（28）。 Exercises
1. Use examples to explain the three syntactic relations discussed in Chapter 5.
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The first kind of syntactic relation is the syntagmatic relation which indicates the linear ordering of the words and the phrase within a sentence. The second kind is the paradigmatic relation which describes the relation between the linguistic forms in a sentence and those outside the sentence. The third kind is the hierarchical relation that reveals the inner layering of a sentence.
The following examples can illustrate the major difference between the first two kinds of relations:
The following tree diagram can illustrate the third kind of syntactic relations:
2. Give five items that have paradigmatic relations with each of the underlined parts of the following sentences:
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