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6. Draw phrase markers for the following sentences:

(Suggestion: If you find it difficult to do, I suggest that you may do it in three steps.) (i) Carry out an IC analysis;

(ii) Label each constituent with an appropriate syntactic category; (iii) Remove the constituents at sentence-level and at phrase-level. Now let us take the sentence: The puppy found the child for example.

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Step 1

Step 2

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Step 3

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(You have to be careful if a phrase only contains a single word. Remember that in this case, you should start with a phrase category and then move to a lexical category.)

7. Consider the two sentences, A and B, given below. Then answer the questions that follow. A. His crime was hiding something.

(Meaning he hid something, and that was a crime.) B. His crime was hiding something.

(Meaning: the crime itself actually hid something.) Answer A or B to each of the following questions.

8. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved:

(a) The men decided on the train.

key:i.The men made the decision on the train. ii.The men chose the train. (b) He looked over the chair.

key:i.He looked at some thing on the other side of the chair. ii.He examined the chair. (c) They are flying planes. key:i.The people are flying plance. ii.They are planes that are flying.

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(d) I dislike naughty boys and girls.

key:i.I dislike naughty boys and naughty girls. ii.I dislike girls and naughty boys. (e) They fed her dog biscuits. key:i.They fed biscuits to her dog. ii.The fed dog biscuits to her.

(f) The governor is a dirty street fighter.

key:i.The governor is a street fighter who is dirty.

ii.The governor is a fighter who fights against dirty streets. (g) Annie whacked a man with an umbrella. key:i.Annie used an umbrella to whack a man.

ii.Annie whacked a man who carried an umbrella. (h) Mary and Joe or Bill frightened the sheepdog.

key:i.Mary and Joe frightened the sheepdog or Bill frightened the sheepdog.

ii.Mary and Joe frightened the sheepdog or Mary and Bill frightened the sheepdog. 9. Give labeled bracketed analysis of the following sentences: (a) The policeman chased a robber.

key:[S[NP[Det The][N policeman]][VP[V chased][NP[Det a][N robber]]]] (b) He is from Nanjing.

key:[S[NP[Det This][N man]][VP[V is][pp[p from][NP[N Nanjing]]]]]

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