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建筑物主体沉降观测毕业论文

目 录

摘要 ·············································································· 错误！未定义书签。 Abstract ·········································································· 错误！未定义书签。 第1章 绪论 ····························································································· 1

1.1 沉降观测的目的和意义 ···································································· 1 1.2 建筑物沉降测量研究现状及发展方向 ·················································· 2

1.2.1 沉降测量现状 ········································································ 2 1.2.2 沉降测量发展方向 ·································································· 3 1.3 本论文研究的主要内容 ···································································· 3 第2章 沉降观测网的布设 ··········································································· 4

2.1 沉降观测的精度 ············································································· 4

2.1.1 确定沉降观测精度的基本原则 ··················································· 5 2.1.2 沉降观测的精度分析 ······························································· 5 2.1.3 沉降观测的频率 ····································································· 6 2.2 观测网的布设 ················································································ 6

2.2.1 沉降监测控制网布设 ······························································· 6 2.2.2 水准基点的标志与埋设 ···························································· 8 2.2.3 沉降监测点的标志与埋设 ························································· 8

2.3 本章小结 ······················································································· 9 第3章 沉降观测的技术方法 ········································································ 9

3.1 基本方法 ······················································································· 9 3.2 建筑物的沉降观测 ········································································ 10 3.3 水准测量原理与操作 ····································································· 11

3.3.1 水准测量基本原理 ································································ 11 3.3.2 水准测量的实施与成果整理 ···················································· 13

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3.4 本章小结 ····················································································· 18 第4章 沉降监测数据处理及沉降分析 ·························································· 18

4.1 沉降观测的数据整理和分析 ···························································· 18

4.1.1 沉降观测的数据整理 ····························································· 18 4.1.2 沉降分析 ············································································ 19 4.2 监测网沉降分析方法 ····································································· 20 4.3 沉降物理解释的方法 ····································································· 20 4.4 本章小结 ····················································································· 21 第5章 官渡区方旺片区安置房沉降监测 ······················································· 21

5.1 工程概况 ····················································································· 21 5.2 基准点和观测点的布设 ·································································· 22 5.3 技术要求及观测方案的制定 ···································· 错误！未定义书签。 5.4 沉降观测成果及分析 ············································· 错误！未定义书签。 5.5 本章小结 ····························································· 错误！未定义书签。 结论 ······································································································ 32 参考文献 ········································································ 错误！未定义书签。 致谢 ······································································································ 34

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第1章 绪 论

1.1沉降观测的目的和意义

沉降观测是指定期地对沉降体的有关几何量进行测量，并从测量数据中整理、分析出沉降规律的过程。随着人类社会的进步和国民经济的发展，加快了工程建设的进程，并且对现代工程建筑物的规模、造型、难度提出了更高的要求。与此同时，沉降监测的意义更加重要。众所周知，工程建筑（构）物在施工和运营期间，由于受多种主观和客观因素的影响，会产生沉降，沉降如果超出了规定的限度，就会影响建筑物的正常使用，严重时还会危及建筑物的安全，给社会和人民生活带来巨大的损失。尽管工程建筑物在设计时采用了一定的安全系数，使其能安全承受所考虑的多种外荷载影响，但是由于在设计中不可能对工程的工作条件及承载能力做出安全准确的估计，施工质量也不可能完美无缺，工程在运行过程中还可能发声某些不利的变化因素，因此，国内外仍有一些工程出现事故。所以，保证工程建筑物安全是一个十分重要且很现实的问题。为此，沉降监测的首要目的是要掌握沉降的实际性状，为判断其安全提供必要的信息以及在防震救灾和避免工程破坏方面有着重大的意义。

工程建筑（构）物的沉降和变形相似，按其类型来区分,可以分为静态沉降和动态沉降。静态沉降通常是指沉降观测的结果只表示某一期间内的沉降值,也就是说,它是时间的函数。动态沉降是指在外力的影响下而产生的沉降,故它是外力为函数来表示动态系统对于时间的变化,其观测结果是表示建筑（构）物在某个时间的瞬时沉降。沉降观测的任务是周期性地对观测点进行重复观测,求得其在两个观测周期的变化量,而为了求得瞬时变化,则应采用各种自动记录仪器记录其瞬时位置。沉降观测的内容,应根据建筑物的性质与地基情况来定。要求有明确的针对性,既要有重点,又要作全面考虑。以便能正确反映出建筑物的变化情况,达到监视建筑物的安全运营,了解其沉降规律之目的。沉降观测的方法要根据建筑的性质、使用情况、观测精度、周围环境以及对观测的要求来选定。一般垂直位移多采用精密水准测量、液体静力水准测量、微水准测量的方法进行观测。通过沉降观测取得第一手资料,监视建筑物的状态变化和工作情况,在发生不正常现象时,及时分析原因,采取措施,防止事故发生,并改善运营方式,以保证安全。

建筑物沉降是有原因的，沉降观测和沉降分析的目的是为了了解沉降体沉降趋势和沉降原因，以便及时采取措施保护建筑物的安全。一般来讲，建筑物沉降的原因主要包括客观原因和主观原因两个方面。客观原因主要包括：

主观原因主要包括:

（1）自然条件及其变化，即建筑物地基的工程地质、水文地质、大气温度、土壤的

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