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北京市朝阳区高三年级第一次综合练习

Stay on the brighter side of life

One very important component of optimism is gratitude or feeling grateful. In fact, there is a strong connection between a grateful attitude and a heightened sense of well-being. Appreciate all the positives in your life by starting a gratitude journal in order to remember what you’re grateful for. ___71___

Feeling down Instead of feeling sorry for yourself waiting for the universe to throw you a bone, try acting like you’re happy—even if you aren’t. A sincere smile and a forced smile will cause the same chemical reactions in your brain, so you can actually fool your mind into feeling better by making it react chemically as if things were going well. ___72___ Reassure yourself that everything is good— even if you don’t feel it.

“___73___ If you’re stuck in traffic, then everything else must be going horribly too,” says Anne Parker, a wellness counselor. By blowing negative events out of proportion, you’re setting yourself up for feeling down all day. Instead, acknowledge that you’re stuck in traffic, but also bring to mind something good, like the beautiful scenery outside the window. That way, you’ll get in the habit of forbidding negative circumstances from blanketing your whole day.

Swearing to lose 20 pounds or to run a marathon seems like goals leading to happiness, but they take time to achieve. ___74___ You may even end up admitting that you have been defeated. However, if you focus on the small milestones that occur along the way, you will feel positive about your progress, which will give you the strength to keep going.

___75___ Try making someone else’s day better. A report by United Healthcare and Volunteer Match found that volunteers are 72% more likely to characterize themselves as optimistic compared with non-volunteers. Plus, 89% of volunteers say that volunteering has improved their sense of well-being, and 92% say that it enriches their sense of purpose in life.

A. Try to help someone in need.

B. Want to give your attitude a lift

C. People tend to think in an either-or way.

D. Act in an optimistic way—smile, laugh, tell a joke.

E. You’ll fail to appreciate more important things in your life.

F. By focusing on not having accomplished them yet, you will start to feel down on yourself. G. By remembering the pleasant things in your life, you can actually turn a negative attitude around. 北京市朝阳区2013—2014学年度高三年级第一学期期末统一考试

Why Do We Forget Things

When it comes to having perfect memories, it is apparent that we humans must have had some faults in our blueprints (蓝图)! Why don’t we remember everything that we want to remember It makes us feel upset and get discouraged. 71 However, it’s true that we are all forgetful.

72 These are stored in what we call our “long-term memory”. What about before age three Sigmund Freud, a doctor of Vienna, discovered the fact that we forget most of our early childhood. 73 They have different opinions. A very good theory, born from the results of experimentation with babies, is that absence of language ability at the time of an event stopped us from describing it to others.

74 Experts say that you can keep about seven things in your memory at once for up to three days. During that time, you may forget something in order to put something else in its place, or you put it into long-term memory. What goes into short-term memory are things you’ve learned about recently, in the past day or two. 75 For example, you may have met your favorite star last week, and this week you can tell all the details to a friend. A simple example to explain your short-term memory is to look at a list of twenty words for a minute or two. You will discover that you cannot remember more than about seven of them and that they are the ones in the beginning and at the end of the list because your mind has judged them to be more important than those in the middle.

A. Scientists now know that it may take longer to remember things for the old. B. However, it is widely recognized that short-term memory can be improved.

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C. Sometimes, it even causes us to lose self-respect or others to think less of us. D. Psychologists have been studying what causes this forgetfulness since Freud’s time. E. Most of us have vivid memories of our lives from about age three to our present ages.

F. Only if something really unusual happens does it stay in your short-term memory for longer. G. The other type of memory, the “short-term memory”, is what we are usually referring to when we say, “I forgot.”

北京市东城区2011—2012学年度第二学期高三综合练习(二)

A study showed eating even a little less salt could greatly help the heart. The study was published in the New England Journal of Medicine. The scientists used a computer model to predict how just three grams less salt a day would affect heart disease in the United States.

The scientists said the results would be thirteen percent fewer heart attacks, eight percent fewer strokes (中风), four percent fewer deaths and eleven percent fewer new cases of heart disease. 71

Researchers said it could prevent one hundred thousand heart attacks and ninety-two thousand deaths every year. The researchers were from the University of California, San Francisco, Stanford University and Columbia University. They and public health professionals in the United States are interested in a national campaign to persuade people to eat less salt. 72 .

However, some scientists say such a campaign is an experiment with the health of millions of people. Michael Alderman is among the critics (批评家). He is a high blood pressure expert and professor at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. Doctor Alderman says that eating less salt results in lower blood pressure. 73 . And he says salt has other biological effects. He says calling for reductions in the national diet could have good effects, but it could also have harmful results.

Another critic is David McCarron, a nutrition and kidney (肾) disease expert at the University of California. He and his team looked at large studies of diets in thirty-three countries. 74 . Most of them eat more salt than American health officials advise.

Doctor McCarron says the worldwide similarity suggests that a person's brain might decide how much salt to eat.

Both Doctor McCarron and Doctor Alderman have connections to the Salt Institute, a trade group for the salt industry. Doctor Alderman is a member of an advisory committee. 75 Doctor McCarron is paid for offering scientific advice to the Salt Institute. A. But he says he receives no money from the group.

B. Such campaigns are already in place in Britain, Japan and Finland. C. And two hundred forty billion dollars would be saved in health care. D. They say people eating less salt have equal chances to have diseases.

E. And it may also result in fifteen percent increase of the kidney death rate. F. They found that most people around the world eat about the same amount of salt.

G. But he says studies have not clearly shown that lowering salt means fewer heart attacks or strokes

北京市东城区2013届高三第二学期综合练习(一)

I know just how you feel

Do you feel sad Happy Angry You may think that the way you show these emotions is unique. Well, think again. Even the expression of the most personal feelings can be classified, according to Mind Reading, a DVD exhibiting every possible human emotion. 71

In the mid1800s, Darwin divided the emotions into six types—anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. More complex expressions of emotion were probably learned and therefore more specific to each culture. But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are shared worldwide. 72 The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions. The project was designed by a Cambridge professor. His research team first had to define an “emotion”. 73 Using this definition, 412 emotion terms were identified and discussed, from “afraid” to “wanting”.

Then each expression is acted out by six different actors. “It was really clear when the actors

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had got it right,” says Cathy Collis, who directed the DVD. “Although they were given some direction, the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. 74 ”

Someone who has tried to set such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekman, who built database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements. Ekman has also found that it may not be possible for people to reproduce them artificially. The most difficult expression to reproduce is the smile. It isn’t only about stretching the lips, but tightening the tiny muscles around the eye. 75 If we learnt to recognize whether someone was using their eye muscle when they smiled, we would be able to distinguish true enjoyment from false.

A. It shows 412 distinct ways we feel.

B. These can be combined into more than 10,000 facial shapes.

C. These particular muscles are difficult to control, and few people can do it.

D. They decided that it was a mental state that could be introduced by “I feel” or “he looks” or “she sounds”. E. He said the expression of these feelings was universal and recognizable by anyone, from any culture. F. It is as if they are programmed into the brains of “normal humans” wherever they are and whatever their races.

G. We thought of trying to describe each emotion, but it would have been almost impossible to make clear rules for this.

东城区2013—2014学年度第一学期期末教学统一检测 The Importance of Accessibility Awareness

At a recent Teen Leadership of Jewish Family Services meeting, people with disabilities talked about their lives. 71 However, what amazed me most was the great importance of education about handicap accommodations (残疾人便利设施).

One school-teacher who is blind, and a woman who has used a wheelchair all her life are two important members of the National Group for Disabled Persons, devoted to raising awareness about disabilities. 72 These include handicap parking spots, handrails, and wheelchair ramps. One big concern is the people who take advantage of aids, such as handicap parking spaces. 73 And the meeting focused on educating the public.

Some handicap spots have extra room next to them, marked with the “No Parking” signs. “As long as I'm not in the spot, I can take the no-parking area next to it,” some people say. However, the woman who uses a wheelchair disagrees to this. The space exists to allow someone in a wheelchair to have room to get in or out of their car. 74

Some walkways have handrails next to them to help those who require extra assistance. Whether it is a blind person seeking guidance or an elderly person seeking support, the rail is there for walking. Sometimes the rail is blocked, by a parked bicycle for instance, and consequently made useless. 75 People who are informed of the rail’s use would be less likely to mistake it for a bike rack.

Meeting some of the people who are affected by the lack of education about accommodations made me see that there is work to be done. If more people were educated about the proper uses of accommodations, there would be fewer challenges for people with physical disabilities.

A. Accommodations will vary according to the needs of the disabled.

B. As with the parking spot, this is more likely a case of lack of education. C. They educate about all the accommodations for people with disabilities. D. Improvement must be made so that disabled people can fully participate.

E. If there is a car in that space, the handicap parking spot is no longer useful. F. So people without disabilities need to be educated about these accommodations.

G. I was amazed to hear about the challenges faced by people with physical disabilities.

北京海淀区2013届高三年级第二学期期中练习

Apathy

Apathy is a stale of lacking interest, enthusiasm or concern. 71 They may also exhibit

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