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problems that cannot be ignored. Some leaders unwilling to do masses work, masses concept weak, on masses feelings not deep, pendulum not are with masses of relationship, think masses work is revolutionary war era of things, now obsolete has, buried business work, ignored masses work of situation compared General; some leaders not do masses work, old method regardless of with, new not with, not understand masses psychological, not understand masses wishes, not said masses language, work method simple stiff, caused masses of conflict and antipathy; some leaders can't do masses work, Faced with a lot of contradictions among the people worry about fear, panic set in encounter group events, and some are even mismanaged, inflame, so work has suffered heavy losses, and so on. These problems we are soberly aware, enhancing the party's ruling capability, the maintenance and development of the party's advanced nature and purity, and to enhance the ability of party committees and leading cadres are good people. Attach great importance to and is good at doing mass work, has become the new urgent situation strengthening the party's governing capacity-building tasks. Combined practice of maintaining flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, urged the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially all levels ... Processing to improve as a guide to the country. \d is summed up these new things, be promoted. \d manifestation of the Deng Xiaoping's mass. Deng also put people \not support\eed not to agree\ppy\omise not to promise\starting point and destination of developing guidelines, policies, and as the only standard for measuring compliance with the wishes of the masses of the people. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping theory, Central Government adopted a series of important measures to strengthen links with the masses. In December 1989, the CPC CentralCommittee made on adhering to and perfecting the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, closely for CPC and the democratic parties and the relationship between the part of the masses that they contact, effectively carrying out the mass line, played a positive role. In March 1990, the 13 plenary session adopted the decision on strengthening contacts with the masses of the Party noted that \nd developed in the long struggle of the party's mass line, is to realize the party's ideological line, the fundamental political and organizational work route\n always maintain flesh-and-blood ties and development of the masses, is directly related to the rise and fall of the rise and fall of the party and State. In September 1994, 14 adopted by the plenary session of the Party on strengthening decision on several major issues of party building. The requirements of the decision of the party's leading bodies and leading cadres should develop a democratic style of work, come from the masses, to the masses, together, stick to the mass line. Party of 13 session four in the plenary yihou, to Jiang comrade for core of party中小企业成本管理的存在的问题及对策 在严酷的市场竞争下，中小企业由于资金、技术、市场等原因严重制约了其市场竞争力，与大型企业相比，中小企业生产规模有限，而固定的管理成本和管理人员又必须配置，管理费用就相对偏高，致使其获利能力一般低于大企业。中小企业成本管理必须进行战略的考虑，要从单纯降低材料工费项目的生产过程成本的管理上，拓宽到从产品设计开始，包括技术开发、制造、营销、服务在内的全过程的中小企业成本管理，进一步深入到为最终产品形成过程中发生的所有作业成本的管理。达到实现企业长期目标的持续的动态的中小企业成本管理。

一、中小企业成本管理存在的问题

1、领导成本意识不强

具体表现在分解产品成本时，不是认真按产品设计要求，按零部件工艺流程的成本形成逐个计算，也不是自下而上逐级填报、汇总，只凭主观印象算大账，按产品成本切成工时、材料消耗、管理费用等大块分摊；有的认为中小企业成本管理只是鸡毛蒜皮的小事，很少过问；还有的认为企业产品结构简单，生产周期短、工序少，不值得搞成本统计。凡此种种，自然难以发现成本形成中的问题。

2、统计不科学合理

有的企业印制的统计表格，要么名目繁多，要么容易产生歧义，且不能适应不同产品、不同工序的特点，填报费力，汇总困难，严重者能引起生产人员的厌烦甚至反感，产生应付心理，自然影响填报质量。

3、产品设计的成本意识缺位

有的企业尽管采取措施强化成本统计，如分车间独立进行成本核算，严格控制材料和工时消耗等等，但效果有限，成本依然上升。其原因在于没有把好产品的设计关，忽视了产品设计阶段各零部件成本的估算统计工作，致使产品一投产就出师不利。

4、营销费用过高

中小企业虽然营销渠道较短，但由于促销活动频繁，人员费用过大，施经纶——HSE培训讲师，注册安全工程师。接受过大石油公司系统的HSE专业培训，具有丰富的培训经验，现任天下伐谋公司高级合伙人、签约讲师单位产品营销费用一般偏高，产品档次不高，容易过时，有时会陷入要么退出市场，要么降价促销，压缩利润空间甚至蒙受亏损的两难境地。

5、决策失误造成重大损失

俗话说“羊毛出在羊身上”，任何领导层决策的失误，都要由整个企业承担损失。由于产品开发、市场选择、资金运作不当，由于优柔寡断、或议而不决而丧失发展机会，都直接或间接增加企业开支，必然拉动产品成本上升。

二、强化中小企业成本管理的可行途径

f third generation Central led collective, banner Deng Xiao-ping's theory great flag, insisted liberation thought, and facts, and times, in both at home and abroad political storm, and economic risk, severe test before, relies on party and people, defended China features Socialist, created socialist market new system, created full open new situation, advance party of construction new of great engineering, founded \sentative\nt thought, Continue to steer the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right. Comrade Jiang Zemin said: \ngthening and improving the party's mass work in the new situation, it is of decisive significance to consolidating the ruling Foundation of the party. \our party and some of the world's major lessons learned from the success of the old party of the party, Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out:\biggest political advantage of our party is in close contact with the masses, the most dangerous after the ruling party was divorced from the masses. \d:\construction, only the understanding, support and participation of the people, people's enthusiasm and creativity into full play in order to advance; the leadership of the party, only the tie and win the masses embraced, can be consolidated and strengthened. \d out that strengthening and improving the party's work style construction, maintaining the party's flesh-and-blood ties with the masses is the core problem, the key is to do solid work, implement, resolutely oppose and overcome formalism. Comrade Jiang Zemin stressed that all the work and policies of the party, are in compliance with the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people to the highest degree, to the majority of people are not satisfied with the fundamental guidelines, strive to make our workers, farmers, intellectuals and other people enjoy ... Single, everyone seemed to know. But well known does not mean perfect. Some party members and leadingcadres, consider contacting their small departments, within a small circle of people, or contact individual owners, the entrepreneur, is the masses, this idea is obviously not correct. The Communist Party of China, people should have three characteristics. First, the people should be the most social, is a Department within the scope of the majority. Specific to the party and Government departments, especially the cadres working in the Central and State organs, mass is the 1.3 billion Chinese people, work for the party members and cadres, masses are the land within the jurisdiction of the common people. The second characteristic of the masses, is that we have common interests. Masses are manifestations of each specific people, but the crowd is a comprehensive political concept, refers to people with common political and economic interests in the period of social transformation, social differentiation between the interests of the masses is large, if you do not find the interest in doing mass work, the party members and cadres, will be in a passive position. The third characteristic of the massesproblems that cannot be ignored. Some leaders unwilling to do masses work, masses concept weak, on masses feelings not deep, pendulum not are with masses of relationship, think masses work is revolutionary war era of things, now obsolete has, buried business work, ignored masses work of situation compared General; some leaders not do masses work, old method regardless of with, new not with, not understand masses psychological, not understand masses wishes, not said masses language, work method simple stiff, caused masses of conflict and antipathy; some leaders can't do masses work, Faced with a lot of contradictions among the people worry about fear, panic set in encounter group events, and some are even mismanaged, inflame, so work has suffered heavy losses, and so on. These problems we are soberly aware, enhancing the party's ruling capability, the maintenance and development of the party's advanced nature and purity, and to enhance the ability of party committees and leading cadres are good people. Attach great importance to and is good at doing mass work, has become the new urgent situation strengthening the party's governing capacity-building tasks. Combined practice of maintaining flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, urged the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially all levels ... Processing to improve as a guide to the country. \d is summed up these new things, be promoted. \d manifestation of the Deng Xiaoping's mass. Deng also put people \not support\eed not to agree\ppy\omise not to promise\starting point and destination of developing guidelines, policies, and as the only standard for measuring compliance with the wishes of the masses of the people. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping theory, Central Government adopted a serieof important measures to strengthen links with the masses. In December 1989, the CPC CentralCommittee made on adhering to and perfecting the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, closely for CPC and the democratic parties and the relationship between the part of the masses that they contact, effectively carrying out the mass line, played a positive role. In March 1990, the 13 plenary session adopted the decision on strengthening contacts with the masses of the Party noted that \nd developed in the long struggle of the party's mass line, is to realize the party's ideological line, the fundamental political and organizational work route\n always maintain flesh-and-blood ties and development of the masses, is directly related to the rise and fall of the rise and fall of the party and State. In September 1994, 14 adopted by the plenary session of the Party on strengthening decision on several major issues of party building. The requirements of the decision of the party's leading bodies and leading cadres should develop a democratic style of work, come from the masses, to the masses, together, stick to the mass line. Party of 13 session four in the plenary yihou, to Jiang comrade for core of party

1、实行全员成本管理

不论是企业主管、生产或财务负责人，还是全体员工都应树立成本意识。要进行全员成本教育，使大家明了中小企业成本管理与本职工作的关系，把员工的个人利益与填报原始数据联系起来，奖优罚劣，进而造成人人关心成本，个个献计献策的良好氛围。中小企业成本管理，既是全面成本管理，又是全过程的动态管理。要纠正只抓产值、利润等大指标，忽视一线质量和成本数据的错误认识。如果产品生产工艺落后，操作人员技术素质低，责任心差，不注意在保证质量的前提下，节省原材物料，必然导致材料与能源消耗过高，成本上升，影响产品市场竞争能力。

2、做好产品设计的成本控制

在市场竞争环境中，企业开发新产品，不仅要做到市场可行，技术可行，还要注重经济可行。市场可行，是指企业产品必须适销对路；技术可行，是指企业具备制造该产品的设备、工艺、人员条件；经济可行，则是指该产品有利润空间。有的企业强调市场导向，也有的企业搞成本导向，其实二者是一致的。在生产力发达、科技进步、商品丰富的今天，卖方市场已全面转向买方市场，消费者需求是企业产品开发的源泉。保证质量，降低成本，是企业产品开发永恒的努力方向。在产品设计阶段，必须对材料质量、加工工艺等做好成本估算，既要保证关键部件的过硬质量，又要防止对非关键件、非配合件精度要求过高，从而加大此类零部件在产品成本中所占的比重，造成因质量过剩而引起的浪费。如果产品各零部件功能都能与其相应成本相匹配，且与产品整体使用寿命基本一致，便实现了产品制造成本的优化。

f third generation Central led collective, banner Deng Xiao-ping's theory great flag, insisted liberation thought, and facts, and times, in both at home and abroad political storm, and economic risk, severe test before, relies on party and people, defended China features Socialist, created socialist market new system, created full open new situation, advance party of construction new of great engineering, founded \sentative\nt thought, Continue to steer the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right. Comrade Jiang Zemin said: \ngthening and improving the party's mass work in the new situation, it is of decisive significance to consolidating the ruling Foundation of the party. \our party and some of the world's major lessons learned from the success of the old party of the party, Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out:\biggest political advantage of our party is in close contact with the masses, the most dangerous after the ruling party was divorced from the masses. \d:\construction, only the understanding, support and participation of the people, people's enthusiasm and creativity into full play in order to advance; the leadership of the party, only the tie and win the masses embraced, can be consolidated and strengthened. \d out that strengthening and improving the party's work style construction, maintaining the party's flesh-and-blood ties with the masses is the core problem, the key is to do solid work, implement, resolutely oppose and overcome formalism. Comrade Jiang Zemin stressed that all the work and policies of the party, are in compliance with the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people to the highest degree, to the majority of people are not satisfied with the fundamental guidelines, strive to make our workers, farmers, intellectuals and other people enjoy ... Single, everyone seemed to know. But well known does not mean perfect. Some party members and leadingcadres, consider contacting their small departments, within a small circle of people, or contact individual owners, the entrepreneur, is the masses, this idea is obviously not correct. The Communist Party of China, people should have three characteristics. First, the people should be the most social, is a Department within the scope of the majority. Specific to the party and Government departments, especially the cadres working in the Central and State organs, mass is the 1.3 billion Chinese people, work for the party members and cadres, masses are the land within the jurisdiction of the common people. The second characteristic of the masses, is that we have common interests. Masses are manifestations of each specific people, but the crowd is a comprehensive political concept, refers to people with common political and economic interests in the period of social transformation, social differentiation between the interests of the masses is large, if you do not find the interest in doing mass work, the party members and cadres, will be in a passive position. The third characteristic of the masses