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跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理：

Intercultural communication :intercultural communication is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-grounds .

Intracultural communication :intracultural communication can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal communication between members of the same culture –whether this is in the majority .or within minority cultures . Individualism :broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy .

Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup membership .

Power distance :it’s the extent to which a society accepts that power in relationships ,institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally .

Context :it’s the information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .

High-context communication :it is a kind of communication in which most of the information is already in the person ; while very little is in the coded ,explicitly transmitted part of the message ,e.g.,Chinese ,Japanese

Low-context communication :it’s just the opposite of high-context communication . it’s the mass of information is rested in the explicit code ,e.g. American German High-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,e.g. Chinese ,Japanese

Low-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,German

Activity orientation :it is the way a culture views activity ,which is classified by kluckhohns and strodtbeck as being ,being-in-becoming ,and doing.

Nonverbal communication: nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.

Paralanguage :certain vocal cues provided us with information with which to make judgments about characters’ personalities’, emotional States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech ,that is ,how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words .most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations ;vocal

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characterizers ;vocal qualifiers ; and vocal segregates

M-time (monochromic time schedule ):M-time cultures tend to think of time as something fixed in nature ,something around us and from which we can not escape ; and ever-present part of the environment ,just like the air we breathe

P-time (polychromic time schedule ):P-time cultures deal with time holistically and place great stock in the activity occurring at the moment .Polychronic time cultures emphasize people more than schedules .For P-time cultures ,time is less tangible and hence feeing of wasted time are not as prevalent as M-time cultures .

15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.

16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.

19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time. 20. Proxemics（空间学）： refers to the perception and use of space.

21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .

22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .

23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.

24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once

1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？ P8~9

Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations

2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist? Verbal difference: language, thought patterns…

Non-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…

Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes

3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6 An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce） shared Behavior（what they do）

shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）

4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7

Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is

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below the surface.

(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))

5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric

Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.

Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation . Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.

Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.

6. What are the six characteristics of communication?

Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual Communication is dynamic.

Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.

Communication is irreversible.

Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back. Communication is symbolic. Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person. Communication is systematic

Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. Communication is transactional. (P8)

A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation. Communication is contextual. (P8)

All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.

7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24 In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.

Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed

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