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3.9指示代词
1) 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:
单数 复数 限定词:This girl is Mary. Those men are my teachers. 代词: This is Mary. Those are my teachers.
2) 指示代词的句法功能; a. 作主语
This is the way to do it. 这事儿就该这样做。
b. 作宾语
I like this better than that. 我喜欢这个甚至那个。
c. 作主语补语 My point is this. 我的观点就是如此。
d. 作介词宾语
I don't say no to that. 我并未拒绝那个。 There is no fear of that. 那并不可怕。 说明1:
指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如: (对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人)
(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词) (错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人) (对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
说明2:
That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人) (错) He admired that who danced well. (that作宾语时不能指人) (对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)
3.10疑问代词
1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个: 指 人: who, whom, whose 指 物: what
既可指人又可指物: which
2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:
疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的? 限定词: Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
说明1:
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如: Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
说明2:
Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如: Who(m) did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语) Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首) To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)
说明3:
疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work? 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体) What are you looking for? 你在找什么?(现代英语)
说明4:
疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如: I can't make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed? 你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you. 你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
3.11关系代词
1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)
2) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:
限定性 非限定性 限定性 指 人 指 物 指人或指物 主 格 who which that 宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose 例如:
This is the pencil whose point is broken. 这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。 (which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如: He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明: 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略, 例如: I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was. 他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
3.12不定代词every , no, all, both, neither, nor
1)不定代词有
all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2) 不定代词的功能与用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。 I have no idea about it.
b. all 都,指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。 All goes well. 一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China, all the city, all my life, all the way
3) both 都,指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用,但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
b. both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前, be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can.
4) neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用,但neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型,避免重复。 She can't sing,neither (can) he.
neither 与nor
d. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor。
If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。 e. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。 He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.
3.13none, few, some, any, one, ones
一、 none 无
1) none作主语,多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中,none可单独使用。 Are there any pictures on the wall? None.
2) none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。 It is none of your business.
二、few 一些,少数
few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做\某一\解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain) You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 某些人不同意你的看法。 注意:
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。 (2)some用于其他句式中:
a. 肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。 Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如: Would you like some coffee?
b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如: If you need some help,let me know. c. some位于主语部分,
Some students haven't been there before.
d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。如: I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。 当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。
五、one, ones 为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不 用ones。
Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I 've bought some.
3.14代词比较辩异 one,that 和it
one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。 I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)