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2017年上海高考英语真题

2016年

In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively（本能地） 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.

In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision(监督，管理) if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be（impose sth on sb把…强加给某人）imposed from 54 without consultation（咨询）. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.

Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective（集体的，共同的） opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.

A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative（首创精神，主动权）, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering（减少员工层） in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation

mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.

Another trend is off-site（不在现场的） or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them. 51. A. desire

B. seek

C. lose

D. dislike

52. A. contrary 53. A. vice versa

B. expectation B. for example

C. degree D. extreme C. however

D. otherwise

（反过来也是一样的） 54. A. outside 55. A. replacing

B. inside

C. below

D. above

B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging

（评价，估价）

56. A. refer

B. contribute

C. object

D. apply

（~+to有助于）

57. A. agreement 58. A. bossy

B. practice

C. election

D. impression

D. male

B. experienced B. training

C. western

59. A. asking 60. A. doubling 61. A. honored

C. warning C. reducing C. crowded

D. firing D. estimating D. compared

B. maintaining B. left

62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally

（不够地，不够好地） 63. A. deny

B. admit

C. assume (假定，承担)

64. A. virtual

B. ineffective

B. risk

C. day-to-day

D. on-the-scene

D. ensure 65. A. opinion

C. performance D. attractiveness