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Unit 1 The Perfect Swarm
Narrator: Damage from swarms of locusts can reach disastrous proportions. A single swarm of desert locusts can consume over 70,000 metric tons of vegetation a day. There is, however, one continent that’s locust-free: North America.
旁白：蝗虫群的伤害可以达到灾难性的程度。一个单一的沙漠蝗虫可以消耗超过70000吨的植被一天。然而，有一个大陆是蝗虫自由：美国北部。
Interestingly enough, this wasn’t always true. For hundreds of years, the Rocky Mountain locust was a common pest in the American West. Back in the mid-1800s, thousands of pioneers journeyed across the U.S. in search of free land and new opportunities. They settled on the frontier of the western states, and began to farm the land intensively, growing corn and other crops.
有趣的是，这并不总是真实的。几百年来，落基山脉的蝗虫是美国西部的一种常见害虫。早在19世纪中叶，成千上万的先驱者跨越美国在自由的土地和寻找新的机会。他们定居在西部边境，并开始对土地进行集中耕种，种植玉米和其他农作物。
Then, in 1875, out of nowhere, a rare combination of air currents, drought, and basic biology produced the right conditions for an unthinkable event, the worst storm ever recorded, the “perfect swarm.” It came over the horizon like a strange, dark cloud. Not millions, not billions, but trillions of insects, sweeping through the land like a living tornado. Those who saw the incredible event and survived never forgot what they witnessed.
然后，在1875，走出无处，一个罕见的组合，空气电流，干旱，和基本生物学产生了正确的条件为一个不可想象的事件，最坏的风暴有史以来，“完美的群”，它在地平线上像一个奇怪的，黑暗的云。不是上百万，不是数十亿，而是数以万亿计的昆虫，像一个活生生的龙卷风席卷过大地。那些看到了令人难以置信的事件，并幸存下来的人从来没有忘记他们见证了什么。
The swarm came together over the state of Texas, and soon moved quickly across the frontier in a huge destructive cloud that was nearly 3,000 kilometers long. The storm spread north towards North Dakota. The locusts eventually went as far west as the Rocky Mountains, leaving a path of devastation and destruction wherever they went.
群聚在德克萨斯州的上空，并很快在一个巨大的破坏性的云，是近3000公里长的边界迅速移动。风暴向北到了北。蝗虫最终在落基山脉的西部，离开了一条破坏性的道路和毁灭的道路。
An account from one person who observed the swarm described the locust storm. The locusts came down from the sky like hail. Frightened people ran screaming into their homes as the locusts’ claws dug into their skin and hung upon their clothing. They heard sharp cracks as the insects came underfoot. The large locusts were everywhere, looking with hungry eyes turning this way and that. Their bodies blocked the sun, bringing darkness along with the destruction. 一个来自一个人的帐户，观察到群描述了蝗虫风暴。蝗虫从空中落下如冰雹。当蝗虫的爪子被挖进他们的皮，挂在他们的衣服上时，吓得人们尖叫着进入他们的家里。随着昆虫来踩在脚下他们听到尖锐的裂缝。大蝗虫到处都是，看着饥饿的眼睛转动着这样的方式。他们的身体挡住了太阳，带来了黑暗与毁灭。
Crop damages were absolutely astonishing. If such destruction were to happen today it would cost an estimated US$116 billion, more than the most costly hurricane in American history. And then, something remarkable happened: the Rocky Mountain locust simply vanished.
农作物的损害是绝对惊人的。如果这样的破坏将发生在今天，它将花费大约116美元，超过
了美国历史上最昂贵的飓风。然后，一些非凡的事情发生了：落基山脉的蝗虫简直就消失了。 At the University of Wyoming, entomologist Dr. Jeff Lockwood has spent over a decade investigating why the Rocky Mountain locust disappeared.
在怀俄明大学的昆虫学家杰夫博士，她已经花了超过十年调查为什么落基山蝗虫消失。 Dr. Jeff Lockwood, University of Wyoming: “There were probably more locusts in the largest swarm than there are stars in the Milky Way — trillions. Not only is something of that scale and magnitude and power gone, but it’s gone within a few years. It’s not as if we had a tremendous series of earthquakes or tidal waves or forest fires. And so it doesn’t make sense that it could’ve gone extinct. There’s no reason for it to have done so. It’s a great mystery.”
杰夫博士：怀俄明大学洛克伍德，“有可能是更多的蝗虫在最大的群有比银河系中的恒星万亿。这不仅是一种规模和规模和力量去了，但它在几年内消失了。这并不是因为我们有一系列的地震或海啸或森林火灾。因此，它没有意义，它可能已经灭绝。没有理由这么做了。这是一个伟大的奥秘。” Narrator: It’s a mystery that Lockwood is determined to solve. Whatever wiped out the Rocky Mountain locust changed American history. Exactly what could have destroyed a plague nearly 3,000 kilometers long? Lockwood is on the case. He starts the investigation with the victim itself. Unfortunately, very few locust specimens exist, and those that do are often in bad condition. 旁白：这是一个谜，她下决心要解决。无论是什么，消灭了落基山脉的蝗虫改变了美国历史。到底是什么能摧毁一个瘟疫近3000公里长？洛克伍德的情况。他开始调查受害者本身。不幸的是，极少数的蝗虫标本存在，那些做的往往是在恶劣的条件下。
Dr. Lockwood: “So what we have is a body of evidence of the victim in its dying moments, alright, but we don’t know what the life of the victim looked like when it was flourishing. The next opportunity we have for a major set of clues is locked up in the ice of the glaciers of the Rocky Mountains.”
Lockwood博士：“我们是在死亡的时候，身体的受害者的证据，好吧，但是我们不知道受害者的生活看起来像当它蒸蒸日上。下一次机会，我们要一大套线索被锁在冰的岩石山脉的冰川。
Narrator: Lockwood is headed to Knife Point Glacier, Wyoming, not far from Yellowstone National Park. For centuries, strong winds would sweep swarms of locusts high into the mountains, where they would freeze to death.
旁白：洛克伍德前往刀点的冰川，怀俄明，离黄石公园不远。几百年来，强风将蝗虫群中的蝗虫群高到山上，在那里它们将被冻成死亡。
Dr. Lockwood: “These glaciers serve as both traps and sort of icy tombs for the Rocky Mountain locust. Were we looking at a long, slow death, or were we looking at a sudden demise?”
Lockwood博士：“这些冰川作为陷阱和落基山蝗虫冰冷的坟墓排序。我们是在寻找一个漫长、缓慢的死亡，还是我们在看着一个突然死亡？“ Narrator: By extracting DNA samples from specimens frozen over a period of time, Lockwood may be able to specify exactly what caused the extinction of the insects. The good news for the expedition is that there could be locust specimens anywhere, but the bad news is that “anywhere” includes thousands of square meters covered with snow and ice. Then, on one of the steeper parts of the mountain, Lockwood sees something.
旁白：在经过一段时间的冰冻标本提取DNA样本，洛克伍德可以指定究竟是什么原因导致昆虫的灭绝。探险的好消息是，这里可能有蝗虫标本，但坏消息是，“任何地方”包括数千
平方米，覆盖着冰雪。然后，在一个山的陡峭的部分，洛克伍德看到的东西。 Dr. Lockwood: “Check it out!” Lockwood博士：“检查出来！“
Lockwood’s Colleague: “A whole body?”
洛克伍德的同事：“整个身体？“ Dr. Lockwood: “It looks like it.” Lockwood博士：“它看起来像它一样。”
Lockwood’s Colleague: “Head, thorax, and abdomen?” 洛克伍德的同事：“头，胸，腹？“
Dr. Lockwood: “Look, you can see the wings.”
Lockwood博士：“看，你可以看到的翅膀。” Narrator: Lockwood will take the locusts back to his laboratory to examine them more closely. If they’re the right species, they could help solve one of the greatest extinction mysteries of our time.
旁白：洛克伍德将蝗虫回到他的实验室仔细检查。如果他们是正确的物种，他们可以帮助解决我们这个时代最大的灭绝之谜之一。
Dr. Lockwood: “To get my hands on the body, in terms of this murder mystery, was critically important.”
Lockwood博士：“把我的手放在身上，在这个神秘的谋杀，是非常重要的。” Narrator: A look under the microscope reveals the signs. 旁白：显微镜下观察的迹象。
Dr. Lockwood: “At that moment, I knew that we had the Rocky Mountain locust.”
Lockwood博士：“在那一刻，我知道我们有落基山蝗虫。” Narrator: It’s an exact match. They’re the same species of locusts that once devastated the American plains. Lockwood’s study of the Rocky Mountain locust has told him more and more about this odd insect. They seem to have split personalities. On one hand, as members of the grasshopper family, they’re generally shy and remain alone. But when annoyed in just the right way, the once gentle locust changes completely into some kind of destructive monster. They change color and their wings and legs grow longer. Eventually, they become more aggressive and swarm, whereby they become a kind of living, breathing weapon of mass destruction.
旁白：这是完全匹配。 他们是曾经摧毁美国平原的同一种蝗虫。 洛克伍德对落基山蝗虫的研究已经越来越多地告诉他这种奇怪的昆虫。 他们似乎有分裂的性格。 一方面，作为蚱蜢家族的成员，他们通常都很害羞并且一个人待着。 但是当以正确的方式生气时，曾经温柔的蝗虫会完全变成某种破坏性的怪物。 它们会改变颜色，翅膀和腿长得更长。 最终，它们变得更具攻击性和群体性，从而成为一种生机勃勃的大规模杀伤性武器。 Dr. Lockwood: “Nobody’s in charge. There’s no leader, there’s nobody out in front.” Lockwood博士：“没人负责。没有领袖，前面没有人。” Narrator: Back in the laboratory, the locusts are revealing their secrets. The DNA test results are back and they’ve indicated one certain fact: the Rocky Mountain locust didn’t decline over a long period of time.
旁白：在实验室里，蝗虫正在揭露他们的秘密。脱氧核糖核酸测试结果是回来的，他们已经指出了一个事实：落基山脉的蝗虫在很长一段时间内没有下降。
Dr. Lockwood: “It was not sort of a death by old age. In fact, what we’re looking at is a very sudden sort of ‘bolt out of the blue’ disappearance. There’s nothing in the genetic course of this
species that would lead us to believe that it was in its last days.”
博士：“这不是那种洛克伍德的老年死亡。事实上，我们所期待的是一种非常突然的“螺栓”消失。在这个物种的基因过程中，没有什么能使我们相信它是在它的最后几天。” Narrator: Some other force must have been responsible for destroying the plague, and Lockwood is determined to find it.
旁白：其他力量必须是负责消灭瘟疫，和洛克伍德决定找到它。
Dr. Lockwood: “I began to realize that we’ve been looking at the wrong scale. If we want to find out perhaps what eliminated the Rocky Mountain locust, what we should be looking for is what was happening to the species at the time of its weakest link.”
Lockwood博士：“我开始意识到，我们一直在寻找错误的规模。如果我们想找出可能消除了落基山脉的蝗虫，我们应该寻找的是什么是发生在该物种在其最薄弱的环节。” Narrator: Now, after years of research, Lockwood may finally be able to solve the mystery of why the Rocky Mountain locust disappeared. It turns out that the Rocky Mountain locust gathered in one particular region to lay its eggs. In the 1800s, that region was in the river valleys of the Rocky Mountains.
旁白：现在，经过多年的研究，她终于可以回答这个落基山蝗虫消失。原来，落基山脉的蝗虫聚集在一个特定的地区产卵。在19世纪，该地区是在落基山脉的河谷。
Dr. Lockwood: “It turned out that agriculture was booming in these river valleys in the late 1800s.”
Lockwood博士：“原来，农业是在19世纪后期在这些流域蓬勃发展。” Narrator: The gold and silver industries were booming as well. The major nesting area of the rocky Mountain locust had become a busy and overcrowded place; therefore, conditions there would certainly have had an effect on any species. 旁白：黄金和白银行业也在蓬勃发展。落基山脉蝗虫的主要筑巢区域成了一个繁忙而拥挤的地方，因此，那里肯定会对任何物种产生影响。
Dr. Lockwood: “The killer of the Rocky Mountain locust turns out to be us. The pioneer agriculturalist of the Rocky Mountain West in the late 1800s is the killer of the Rocky Mountain locust.”
Lockwood博士：“落基山蝗虫杀手原来是我们。19世纪后期的落基山脉西部拓荒农民是落基山蝗虫的杀手。” Narrator: As farms appeared in the river valleys to feed the miners, the farmers plowed up the fields and stamped out the delicate eggs that had been laid by the great swarm. By not allowing the eggs to mature into full-grown locusts, the species was entirely destroyed at its weakest — when the insects were just eggs. The only extinction of a pest species in agricultural history was in fact an accident.
讲述者：当农场出现在河谷为矿工提供食物时，农民们耕种田地，剔除了大群所放下的精致鸡蛋。 由于不允许卵子成熟为成熟的蝗虫，物种在其最弱的时候被完全摧毁 - 当昆虫只是卵子时。 农业历史上唯一的灭绝物种实际上是一次事故。
Unit 2 The Red Devils
Narrator: Dr. Bob Gilly is a neurobiologist at Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California. He’s studied squid for more than 20 years. His most recent study of Humboldt squid, sometimes called “red devils,” tracked the movements of almost 1,000 squid off the coast of Santa Rosalia, Mexico. Two months later, the squid began to appear across the Gulf of California,
near Guaymas. To get a closer look at the giant squid and, hopefully, to learn more about them, Gilly headed down to the small fishing village. Gilly has invited Bob Cranston, an intrepid cameraman who’s spent more time in deep water with giant squid than anyone, to film the squid. Gilly doesn’t dive himself, so Cranston will serve as the scientist’s eyes underwater. Cranston begins by giving some details about the new diving equipment he’s brought.
旁白：鲍勃侍从在霍普金斯海洋站在太平洋格罗夫神经生物学家，加利福尼亚。他研究了20多年的鱿鱼。他对洪堡特的鱿鱼最新研究中，有时被称为“红魔”，“跟踪几乎1000鱿鱼了圣罗萨利亚海岸运动，墨西哥。两个月后，鱿鱼开始穿过加利福尼亚湾附近出现，瓜伊马斯。为能一睹巨型鱿鱼，希望，更多的了解他们，她去了小渔村。她邀请了鲍勃克兰斯顿，无畏的摄影师谁花了巨型乌贼的比任何人都深水多的时候，电影的鱿鱼。她自己不潜水，所以克兰斯顿将作为科学家的眼睛下。在开始给一些新的潜水设备的细节给他。
Bob Cranston, Cameraman: “Stay down a little longer, dive a little deeper, get in a little more trouble ...”
鲍勃克兰斯顿，摄影师：“留了长一点，深一点的潜水，有一点麻烦……” Narrator: The dive won’t begin until nightfall, when the squid rise to feed in the higher depths of the sea. The wait gives the men time to look around.
旁白：潜水不会开始直到傍晚，当鱿鱼引起饲料在海的更深处。等待让男人们环顾四周。 Cranston: “Let’s walk up here and talk to these fishermen.” 主角：“让我们走到这里来跟这些渔民。” Narrator: They decide to get the local fishermen’s opinion of the giant squid. What they learn is somewhat disturbing.
旁白：他们决定让当地渔民对巨型鱿鱼的看法。他们所学的东西有些令人不安。
Local Fisherman, Guaymas, Mexico: “We lose people. Every other year, somebody dies. I have a friend that they found floating in the ocean, oh, last year.”
当地渔民，瓜伊马斯，墨西哥：“我们失去的人。每隔一年，有人死亡。我有一个朋友，他们发现漂浮在海洋，哦，去年。” Cranston: “Squid fisherman?”
克兰斯顿：“鱿鱼渔民？“
Local Fisherman: “It’s lucky they found him because, you know, they’re carnivorous. They’ll eat you, I mean, they will eat you!”
当地渔民：“很幸运他们发现他，因为，你知道，他们是食肉动物。他们会吃掉你，我是说，他们会吃掉你！“
Dr. Bob Gilly, Neurobiologist: “The squid will eat you?” 鲍勃日利，神经生物学家：“鱿鱼会吃了你？“
Fisherman: “The squid will eat you. If you fall into the ocean, they’ll get you with their tentacles, you’ll drown, and then they’ll . . . you know, all the rest of them will just eat you.” 渔夫：“鱿鱼会吃掉你。如果你掉进海里，他们会把你的触角伸向你，你会被淹死，然后他们会。..你知道，所有的人都会吃你。” Narrator: Could these stories be true? It’s enough to worry any diver and gives the men something to think about as they have dinner and prepare.
旁白：这些故事是真的吗？这足以让任何一个潜水者担心，并让他们在吃晚餐的同时，做些准备。 Narrator: With the afternoon fading, it’s time for Gilly and Cranston to get down to business. 旁白：在下午的衰落，这是日利，克兰斯顿正事的时间。