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英美文化概况名词解释问答题|内科名词解释及简答题
英美文化概况问答题以及答案： 1. What are the some of the major powers of each of the three panches of the US government? How are the three panches supposed to check and balance each other? Can political reform in China borrow anything from that? 美国政府三大部门的一些主要权利是什么？三大部门之间如何制约和平衡？中国的政治改革能否从中借鉴什么？ A．What are the some of the major powers of each of the three panches of the US government? The three panches—the Legislative, the Executive, headed by the president. And the Judicial, headed by the Supreme Court.
The Legislative, including both houses of Congress (the Senate and the House of Representative) 。The legislative panch(立法机构）is the only panch that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes and declare war or put foreign treaties into effect.
The Executive, headed by the president. The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur, including members of the Supreme Court. All such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the Senate. The president has poad powers, with the executive panch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces. The judicial panch(司法机构) is headed by the Supreme Court with a chief justice and 8 associate justices. The Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution and other cases which do not arise out of individual states. The Supreme Court has the judicial review power.
B．How are the three panches supposed to check and balance each other?
System of “checks and balances (制约与平衡的原则)” of the three-part national government works to keep serious mistakes from being made by one panch or another. C．Can political reform in China borrow anything from that?
China does not make the separation, but can absorb the reasonable factors. The people”s congress system is a basic system suitable to China”s national conditions. It directly reflects that people”s democratic dictatorship is national nature in our country, reflected the whole picture of our political life and is the basic forms and means for the people to be the masters of democratic rights.(中国不搞三权分立，但可以吸收其合理的因素。人民代表大会制度是比较符合我国国情的根本制度，它直接反映我国人民民主专政的国家性质，体现了我国政治生活的全貌，是人民实现当家作主的民主权利的基本形式和途径) 2. “British history is a history of invasion”. Please illustrate this point. How did each of the invasions influence English culture? “英国的历史是侵略的历史”请说明这个观点。每次侵略是如何影响英国文化的？
Before the 1st century AD, be made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people凯尔特人 1.In 43AD, invaded by the Roman Empire罗马帝国, and England and Wales (though not Scotland and Ireland) became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400years(till the 5th century AD)
2.The Germanic日尔曼人 (the Angles盎格鲁人 and the Saxon 撒克逊人) invasion, the Anglo-Saxons either absorbed the Celtic people, or pushed them to the western or northern edges of Britain (Glasgow, Scottish Celts). Anglo-Saxon invaders became
the forefathers of the English, the founders of ―Angle-land‖ or ―England‖ as it has become known.
3.From the late 8th century on,( till the 10th) raiders from Scandinavia(斯堪的纳维亚), the ferocious Vikings(北欧海盗), threatened Britain’s shores, leading to large areas of northern and eastern England were under their control. (the difference between the northerners and the southerners sophisticated, arrogant, unfriendly and richer) 4.The year of 1066, Norman(诺曼人,from northern France, who were descendents of Vikings) invasion; Under William Normandy (known as ―William the Conqueror‖征服者威廉一世 ),they crossed the English Channel in 1066, and in the Battle of
Hastings, defeated an English army under King Harold(英格兰最后一位撒克逊民族的国王). This marks the last time that an army from
3．In the late 1980s and the early 1990s the world saw great changes. What new strategy did the US form after that? 在1980s末和1990s初世界发生了巨大的变化。在那之后美国的新政策是什么？
In the late1980s and early 1990s the world witnessed the most remarkable changes since the WWII. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the change of the color of the Eastern European countries and the disintegration of the SU at the end of 1991 radically changed the balance of power in the world.
American strategic planners again pought up the idea of a Plax Americana. Its national strategy was engagement and expansion, which means the US, will take a more active part in world affairs and will more actively promote market economy and American style democracy in the world.
What is preemption in the Bush Doctrine? 在布什主义中得到优先权是什么？ In an address delivered to the West Point graduates, President Bush, for the first time, put forward the strategy of preemption, which is formalized in the National Security Strategy issued in Sept. 2002.
By preemption, the US means that when it determines that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the potential to possess such weapons, the US should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until the Us is attacked. This is known as Bush Doctrine.
4. Compare the education system in Britain and that in China. Try to illustrate it specifically.比较英中两国的教育体系。尽量列出他们的不同。
Receiving education in Britain is kind of welfare, however, that is kind of trade in China.
A student in UK will have ―Streaming‖, national test and GCSE in their studying path, and they have 4 Key Stages. In China, students usually have 3 stages—primary school, junior high school and senior high school. And the fatal exam ―Gaokao‖(university entrance exam) will decide their way of life forwards.
The chance for a student to get into a university in China is much lower than that in Britain. Only 1 out of 1000 students has the access to university. In China, which decided that the education is a mean of selecting other than a way of exploring students’ potential.
Studying in Britain is tending to think, yet studying in China is tend to recite. As to the course, comparing the three core subjects for a British student---English, Mathematics and Science, the Chinese core subjects are Chinese, Mathematics and English, of which 2/3 are linguistic. While the British are learning science, we spend 1/3 of
our time learning their language, which, I think this should explain why we are inferior to British in science.
5. What are the major powers of each of the three panches of the US government? How are they supposed to check and balance（制约与平衡） each other？(这两问答案见第一题） What are the advantages of the system? 这种体系的先进之处是什么？
The separation is to restrict power, avoid the abuse of power, prevent a state organ or personal dictatorship and tyranny, thus ensuring the national political stability. 6. Compare the roles of the British queen and the US president. 比较英国国王和美国首相的作用。
In UK, the sovereign only has a ceremonial role restricted in exercise of power by convention and public opinion. The British monarch has no real power. The Queen is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British State.
In US, the president is the head of the executive panch(行政机构) , who is elected to a four-year term and can be elected to only two terms .The powers of the presidency are formidable but with limitations. The president, as the chief formulator of public policy, often proposes legislation to Congress. The president can also veto any bill passed by Congress. The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur, including members of the Supreme Court. All such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the Senate. The president can issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces and is primarily responsible for handling foreign relations.
7. How do you understand that Britain has a “special relationship” with the US? 如何理解英国与美国有着特殊的关系？
During World War II, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar year. Even today, British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. However, Britain’s ―special relationship‖ with the USA has gone through ups and downs (the 1956 Suez Crisis). The British began to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States. But both sides have worked hard to maintain the ―special relations‖. Britain is described as an outpost([?a?t?post] 前哨, 哨兵, 哨站 )of an American-dominated military bloc. 集团；联盟 There are 63 American military bases 基地under American control in Britain. 8. Please introduce the undergraduate curriculum and graduate study in American higher education. What can be the borrowed by us from that to improve the curriculum in Chinese Universities? 请介绍美国高等教育中本科课程与毕业生教育。我们应该从中借鉴哪些去提升中国大学的课程？
In America, the undergraduate curriculum is basically divided into three categories: the General Education, Major/Minor and Free Elective (Free Elective). In the first two years, every student has to take some courses (such as world history, writing, math or research). In the third year, each student must choose professional courses. At the same time, they can also choose courses which interest them, such as sports, music, dance and drama classes. This is called
至于研究生教育有何不同，自己总结，另外What can be the borrowed by us from that to improve the curriculum in Chinese Universities?自己总结
9. How did the English Parliament come into being? 英国议会如何开始的？ The word “parliament” comes from the verb “to parley”, that is to discuss or talk. The term