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医学英语构词

Medical English Word Building

一、引言

观察 (observation)、想象 (imagination)、记忆 (memory)：

re-cover → recovery / dis-cover → discovery

↑

overcome, overdue... (>100) ← over → cover → cover-age

↓ ↓ overt covert

refer-ee reverence (敬畏) → revere → severe → sever→ severance ↑ ↑

refer（参考、查询）→ reference → referable/referential → referral (转诊、会诊) ↓

pre-fer → preference → preferable / preferential (优惠的)

二、基本构词法

1．复合(compounding):

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

tetra (四) + cycle (环) + in (素) → tetracycline 四环素 cycle + spore (孢子) + in → cyclosporine 环孢菌素 psychosocioeconomic

tension → hypo(低)-tension / hyper (高)-tension / anti (抗)-hypertensive

plate + let (小) = platelet / drop+let = droplet / leaf + let = leaflet / island + let = islet (小岛细胞)

pest+cide =pesticide / insect + cide = insecticide / virus + cide = virocide 首写缩略 (initials)：OCT (over-the-counter) / AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) / SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)

压缩 (reduction)：acupuncture (acupte + puncture) / silastic (silicon + eleastic) (硅胶的) / medicare (medical + care) (美) 老年医疗保险 / medicaid (medical + aid) (美)穷人/残疾人医疗保险

4. 专用名词(special terms)

? ? ? ?

人名 : Parkinson’s disease / Alzheimer’s disease / Doppler 地名 : Mediteranian anemia (地中海贫血) 商品名 : dextrose (葡萄糖盐水) 医学术语的三源性：

英语 拉丁语 希腊语

血管： vessel vaso- angio- 脉搏： pulse pulsus sphygm-

3. 缩略语 (abbreviation)

2．前后缀 (prefix & suffix )

5. 拉丁/希腊语

From 400 to 40,000

1） 构词三要素：前缀 + 词根+ 后缀

osteo (骨) + pore (小孔) + sis (病态) → osteoporosis ( ? )

前缀 electr 电 连接元音O o cardi 心 词根 连接元音O o Graphy 方法 Graph 机器 gram 图像 endo 内 gastr 胃 o scope scopy scopic endo cardi itis 炎症 endocarditis carditis gastritis gastrocardiac a 无/不 granul 颗粒 o cyt 细胞 o penia agranulocytopenia 减少 erythrocytopenia leukocytopenia thrombocytopenia lyphocytopenia pancytopenias 2）医学常用前后缀示例

Table 1 Examples of organs and systems （部分器官与系统术语） 中文 心 普通 heart 前/后缀 Cardio 形容词 Cardiac cardial 脑 brain cerebro encephalo cranio 肺 lung pulmo Pulmonary Cerebral cranial 示例 cardiology endocarditis myocarditis cerebrum cerebellum encephalopathy intracranial pulmonology pulmonectomy pulmonitis 肝 liver hepato Hepatic hepatitis hepatobiliary hepatoenterostomy 肝肠吻合 肾 kidney nephro Renal nephritis endograstroscope endogastroscopy endogastroscopic elctrocardiography electrocardiograph electrocardiogram 1 后缀 o 2 单词 nephropathy nephrectomy 胃 stomach gastro Gastric gastritis gastroenteritis gastrectomy 肠 intestine gut bowel 食道/管 esophagus esophago Esophageal entero Intestinal enteritis grastroenteritis enterostomy肠造口术 esophagitis esophagoscopy esophagoplasty 食道成形术 胆 gallbladder chole Biliary cholecystitis cholecystectomy cholelithiasis胆结石 脾 spleen spleno Splenic splenectomy spenomegaly脾大 splenectomy 胰 pancreas pancreato Pancreatic pancreatitis pancreatectomy pancreatopathy 膀胱 bladder cyst （泌）尿 urine uro urethro 直肠 anus recto Rectal Urinary cysto Cystic cystitis cytectomy cystography urology transurethral urosurgery rectoscopy rectoplasty rectocolitis 结肠 colon colo Colonal Colitis colorectoscopy colostomy 肌 muscle myo Muscular myocarditis myoloma肌瘤 myotonia肌强直 关节 joint arthro Articular arthritis osteoarthritis arthropathy 骨 bone bony Osteo osteoplasty osteogenesis骨生长 osteopathy 髓 marrow mye myeloma myelitis myelopathy 血 blood hemato hematology hematoma hemostasis止血 血管 vessel vaso angio Vascular cardiovascular accident (CVA) cerebrovascular vasopressin血管加压素 gangiography 血管造影 神经 nerve neuro Nervous neurosurgery neuron neuroma 细胞 cell cyto Cellular leukocyte cytology cytoma 眼 eye ophthalmo oculo Ocular visual Auditory audible ophthalmology ophthalmitis ophthalmalgia眼痛 audiometer audiovisual audiosurgery rhinorrhea 鼻溢 rhinorrhagia流鼻血 rhinopharyngeal 耳 ear audio 鼻 nose rhino Nasal 口 舌 mouth tongue linguo Oral Lingual sublingual 舌下的 lingustics linguoplacement 舌向移位 咽喉 throat laryngo pharyngo Laryngeal pharyngeal Tracheal laryngectomy laryngitis pharyngitis Tracheostomy tracheoscope tracheoesophageal 气管 airway air pipe tracheo 胸 Chest breast thoraco stetho thoracic Thoracoplasty 胸廓成形术 stethoscope 听诊器 Table2 Examples of diseased states (部分病态术语) 含义 病 前/后缀 patho- -pathy 病态 增多 减少 炎症 -osis -penia -itis leukocytosis, erythrocytosis, pancytosis arthritis, pharyngitis, hepatitis 示例 pathogen, encephalopathy neurosis, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis leukocytosis, erythrocytosis, granulocytosis pathology, nephropathy, 肿块 疼痛 -oma -algia -algesia algo lymphoma, hematoma, carcinoma analgesia, hyoalgesia, algometer 血症 麻痹 坏死 -emia -plegia necro -necrosis leukemia, septicemia, bacteremia hemiplegia, myoplegia, pamplegia hepatonecrosis, myonecrosis, necrospermia cholelithes, lithiasis, lithogenesis polyuria, polyopia diarrhea, rhinorrhea, hypermenorrhea splenomegaly, acromegaly, hepatomegaly malnutrition, malfunction, malpractice dysfunction, dysurea 排尿困难, dyspepsia消化不良, dyspnea 呼吸困难 结石 litho -lith 复合/多 流出 巨 不良 困难/障碍 poly- -rrhea -megaly mal dys 无 a atypical, anurea 无尿, apnea 窒息, asymptomatic, agranulocytosis Table 3 Examples of surgical terminology （部分外科术语） 含义 切除 切开 造口/吻合 成形 整（矫）形 造影 经… 三、拉丁/希腊源单词发音与重音基本规则 1． 发音：

? ? 2． 重音

?

一般在倒数第二音节 (两个元音重合算一个音节)：ne’phritis / strepto’coccus (链球菌) / macro’somia (巨体) / schistoso’miasis (吸血虫病) / transu’rethral (经尿道的) / splenocera’tosis (脾硬化) ?

下列情况一般在倒数第三个音节： ? ? ? ?

-ate: per’manganate (高锰酸盐) / re’ticulate (成网状)

-y: bron’chography (支气管造影) / physi’ology / lapa’roscopy (腹腔镜) / im’munity / disa’bility

-oid: al’buminoid (白蛋白样的) / ca’rotinoid (类胡萝卜素) -meter: spi’rometer (肺量计) / sphygmoma’nometer (血压计) 元音a e i o u 在重读开音节中一般发字母音;在重读闭音节中读强短音

开/闭音节：rate , gag / ‘renal, red / ‘bicycle, bit / joke, jog / nude, nut 元音a e i o u 在非重音节中发 “弱音”

前/后缀 -ectomy -tomy -stomy -plasty ortho- -graphy trans- 示例 gastrectomy, appectectomy, laryngectomy tracheotomy, hysterotomy, craniotomy colostomy, ileostomy, tracheostomy osteoplasty, myoplasty, esophagoplasty orthopedics, orthotherapy, orthposurgery angiography, nephrography, radiography transurethral, transcutaneous, transfusion