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relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)--scores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application problem of key is: according to meaning, (1) determine standard volume (units \nd a2) find associate \hen in-lieliminary knowlene solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurememon units of measurement and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, wonships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)--line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry prdge (2)--plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and area combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solint of comd content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone eight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relatiof the features of cuboids and cubes relationship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table ...和第一章 国民收入核算

1．1 考点难点归纳 1．宏观经济学

宏观经济学以社会总体的经济行为及其后果为研究对象，研究的是整个社会的经济活动 (而微观经济学以个体经济活动参与者，如个人、厂商、行业等为研究对象)，采用总量分析法，国民收入是进行宏观分析的关键。现代西方宏观经济学是在凯恩斯的《就业、利息和货币通论》1936年出版后才正式成为一门独立的理论经济学分支学科。

微观经济学的结论不一定适用于宏观经济学。例如，降低工资对单个厂商而言，可以减少成本，增加利润，进而扩大生产，增加雇佣工人，但如果每个厂商都降低工人工资，社会总体的消费会因收入的减少而下降，总需求的下降最终导致产出和就业的减少。 2．GDP与GNP

国内生产总值(GDP)为一国或地区内所拥有的生产要素在一定时期内(通常为一年)生产的全部最终产品(物品和劳务)的市场价值。国民生产总值(GNP)为一国或地区的国民所拥有的全部生产要素生产的全部最终产品(物品和劳务)的市场价值。前者是一个地域概念，后者是一个国民概念。两者的关系是：GNP=GDP+[本国生产要素在其他国家获得的收入 (投资利润、劳务收入)-外国居民从本国获得的收入]。西方大多数国家都采用GDP作为国民收入核算的基础，例如美国在1991年后也采用了GDP作为核算基础。 3．国民收入核算的两种方法：支出法和收入法

对国民收入(以GDP为例)的核算可用生产法、支出法和收入法，后两者较为常用。其核算的理论基础是总产出等于总收入，总产出等于总支出。

(1)支出法是指经济社会(一个国家或一个地区)在一定时期内消费、投资、

relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)--scores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application problem of key is: according to mea, (1) determine standard volume (units \hen in-lieliminary knowlene solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurememon units of measurement and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volumd, square 3, e, unit size, volume, wonships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)--line and angle review content line, aningnd segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and aind associate \ngle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry prdge (2)--plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and area combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solint of comd content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboicone cone eight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relatiof the features of cuboids and cubes relationship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table ...和政府购买以及净出口等几方面支出的总和。公式如下： GDP=C+I+G+(X-M)

其中：消费C包括耐用消费品(如家电、家具等)、非耐用消费品(如食物、衣服等)和劳务(如理发、旅游等)，但不包括个人建筑住宅的支付。经济学中的投资，是指增加或更换资本资产(厂房、设备、住宅和存货)的支出。资本产品和中间产品虽然都用于生产别的产品，但不一样的是，前者在生产别的物品的过程中是部分被消耗，而后者则是完全转化。资本产品的损耗中一方面包括实际的物质损耗，另一方面还包括精神损耗(指由于技术进步或者是出现了更高效的新设备而导致原设备贬值)。存货投资是指存货价值的增加(或减少)，可为正值也可为负值，即期末存货大于或小于期初存货。公式中的，为总投资，而净投资=，一重置投资。其中，重置投资是指当年以前资本产品的折旧消耗。G为政府购买物品和劳务的支出，转移支付(救济金等)不计入。x-M为净出口，可正可负。 (2)收入法是指用要素收入即企业生产成本核算国内生产总价值。严格说来，最终产品市场价值除了生产要素收入构成的成本之外，还有间接税、折旧、公司未分配利润等内容。公式如下：

GDP=工资+利息+租金+利润+间接税和企业转移支付+折旧

其中：工资、利息、租金是最典型的要素收入。工资中还需要包括所得税、社会保险税；利息是指提供资金给企业使用而产生的利息，所以需要剔除政府公债利息和消费信贷利息；租金包括租赁收入、专利和版权的收入等。 利润是指税前利润，包括公司所得税、红利和未分配利润等。

企业转移支付包括对非营利组织的慈善捐款和消费者呆账；间接税包括货物税、销售税、周转税等。以上用支出法和收入法对GDP的核算，同样适用于GNP。 4．与国民收入相关的几个概念

在西方国民收入核算体系中，实际上包括如下五个总量：国内生产总值(GDP)、国内生产净值(NDP)、国民收入(NI)、个人收入(PI)和个人可支配收入

relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)--scores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application problem of key is: according to meaning, (1) determine standard volume (units \hen in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of common units of measurement and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)--line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (2)--plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and area combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solid content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relationship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table ...和山东大学 期末考试知识点复习

(DPI)，其相互关系如下： NDP=GDP-折旧 NI=NDP-企业间接税

PI=NI-(公司所得税+社会保险税+公司未分配利润)+政府或企业给个人的转移支

付+利息调整 DPI=PI-个人所得税

注：利息调整为不包括在利息净额(个人从企业获得的因资金借贷所产生的利息)之中的个人利息收入，例如政府债券利息收入。上述关于GDP相关概念的介绍同样适用于GNP和国民生产净值NNP。 S．国民收入的基本公式

(1)两部门经济国民收人核算：消费者(家庭)和企业(厂商) 从支出的角度，国内生产总值等于消费加投资：Y=C+I； 从收入的角度，国内生产总值等于总收入：Y=C+S； 储蓄一投资恒等式：I=S。

值得注意的是，这里的恒等是从国民收人会计的角度，就整个经济而言，事后的储蓄和事后的投资总量相等；而后面分析宏观经济均衡时投资等于储蓄，是指计划投资(事前投资)等于计划储蓄(事前储蓄)所形成的经济均衡状态。 (2)三部门经济国民收入核算：消费者(家庭)、企业(厂商)和政府部门 从支出的角度：

Y=C+I+G G为政府购买 从收入的角度：