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16. is one of the three kinds of meaning which has nothing to do with

language.

17. There is no ______ relationship between sound and ______ as the connecion between them is ______ and

conventional.

18. The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and

______.

19. A minimal meaningful unit of a language is ______.

20. Generally speaking, ______ do not change part of speech of the stems but their meaning, whereas ______

do.

21. Among pairs of antonyms, the ______ term covers the meaning of the ______ term. 22. ______ is the change of meaning from specific to general.

23. The major means of word-formation are ______, ______ and ______.

24. The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and

______.

25. Affixation, also called ______, is the formation of new words by adding ______ to stems.

26. Hyponymy deals with the relation of semantic inclusion. The general term is ______ and the specific terms

are ______.

27. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are ______. ______ words enjoy a

______ frequency in use than content words.

28. There is no ______ relationship between sound and ______ as the connection between them is ______ and

conventional.

29. A morpheme attached to a stem or root is ______.

30. ______ is the change of meaning from specific to general.

31. Words which are opposite in meaning are called ______, among which ______ terms are gradable and

allow intermediate members.

32. When a word changes its meaning from negative to positive, it goes through the process ______ and the

opposite process is called ______.

33. The overtones and associations suggested by the conceptual meaning is ____ meaning. IV选择答案：1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. A 10.B 11. B 12.C 13.C 14.D 15. A 16. B 17. C 18.D 19.D 20.D 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30.B 31.C 32. A 33. B 34. D

IV. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the

statement and put the letter in the brackets. （每题一分） ( )1. Non-basic vocabulary includes __________.

A. argot and jargon B. archaisms and neologisms C. technical terms ( )2. Functional words are ________________. A. adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions B. adjectives, nouns, articles C. articles, prepositions, conjunctions D. verbs, pronouns, prepositions ( )3. ___________ is not a characteristic of basic word stock.

A. Colloquialism B. All national character C. Stability ( ) 4. Modern English began with the establishment of ________ in England.

A. printing B. Bourgeois Revolution C. Industrial Revolution ( )5. Stylistic meaning refers to the features of __________of words.

A. formality B. affectiveness C. appropriateness ( ) 6. The derivational process, in which an item is converted to a new word class

D. part of speech

D. Polysemy D. all the above

D. Renaissance Time

without the addition of an affix, is called ____________.

A. compounding B. back-formation C. functional shift D. derivation

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( )7. Grammatical meaning does not include ________.

A. part of speech B. plural forms of nouns C. tenses D. appropriateness

( )8. English words can be motivated______.

A. phonologically B. morphologically C. etymologically D. all the above

( )9. Stylistic meaning may be defined as the feature of ________ of words.

A. formality B. affectiveness C. appropriateness D. part of speech

( )10. There are two main approaches to the study of English words namely ________.

A. descriptive and prescriptive B. synchronic and diachronic C . spoken and written D. competence and performance

( )11. Which of the following is NOT studied in semantics?

A. polysemy B. language family C. ambiguity D. complementaries

( )12. The hyponyms of ?vegetable? are ________.

A. banana, pear, jam B. pear, apple, banana C. cucumber, celery, peas D. tree, pine, elm

( )13. The discrete units which realize morphemes are known as ________.

A. allomorphs B. phonemes C. morphs D. lexis

( )14. _________ is a word-formation process by which a word is changed from one word-class into

another without the change of form. A. Blending B. Affixation C. Back-formation D. Conversio

( )15. The first monolingual English dictionary was compiled in ________.

A. 1604 B. 1066 C. 1406 D. 1046

( )16. “The birds sing to welcome the smiling year.” Is an example of ________.

A. euphemism B. synecdoche C. metonymy D. metaphor

( )17. “child—parent” are _______ antonyms.

A. root B. derivative C. relative D. complementary

( )18. The word “water” is _________ motivated.

A. phonetically B. semantically C. morphologically D. non-

( )19. “Give somebody an inch and he?ll take a mile” is a _________.

A. sentence idiom B. proverb C. clause idiom D .both A and B

( ) 20. Narrowing excludes ________.

A. change from material nouns to common nouns B. change from common nouns to proper nouns C. words shortened from phrases to retain the meaning of the whole for economy D. change from specific meanings to general meanings

( ) 21. According to the idiomaticity of idioms, idioms include ________.

A. true idioms B. semi-idioms C. regular combinations D. all the above ( ) 22. Motel is a/an is ________.

A. blend B. clipped word C. initialism D. acronym ( ) 23. “sow” (to plant seeds on the ground) and “sow” (fully grown female pig )are called ________.

A. Homophones B. homographs C. perfect homonyms D. acronyms ( ) 24. “die” and “pass away” are synonyms. They differ in ________.

A. connotative meaning B. emotive meaning C. stylistic meaning D. all the above ( ) 25. He?s nice, but he hasn?t much brain. _________.

A. Simile B. metaphor C. Metonymy D. synecdoche ( ) 26. Which of the following is not associative meaning?

A. collocative meaning B .stylistic meaning C. affective meaning D. primary meaning ( ) 27. One billion is ________ in British English. A. 1,000,000,000 B. 1,000,000,000,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 1,000,000,000,000,000

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( ) 28. The morpheme “-s” in “desks” is ________ morpheme. A. derivational B. free C. inflectional D. root ( ) 29. ________ are contrary terms. A. dead / alive B. parent / child C. single / married D. like / dislike ( ) 30. The first people known to inhabit the British Isles were ________. Their languages were dialects

of still another branch of the In-do-European Language Family ________.

A. German / Germanic B. Celts / Celtic C. Italian / Italic D. Sweden / Swedish ( ) 31. The modes of modem English vocabulary grow through three major channels: ________ ,

semantic change and __________.

A. exchange/lending B. derivation/borrowing C. creation/borrowing D. affixation/creation ( ) 32. Conversion is a method of __________.

A. turning words of one part of speech into those of a different part of speech B. converting words of one meaning into those of a different meaning

C. deriving words by grammatical means D. changing words in morphological structure ( ) 33. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of _________.

A. prefixation B. suffixation C. acronymy D. conversion

( ) 34. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.

_________ of them are still in use today. A. 85% B. 56% C. 72% D. 75%

V．Match the words in the left column with the words in the right column. （右栏的词每词1分） (1)

narrowing manuscript

deer extension poison governor elevation vulgar bonfire degradation journal lust disease alibi

(2)

narrowing journal girl extension villain marshal elevation barn mill degradation deer knight criticize liquor

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(3) narrowing picture meat extension girl marshal elevation cunning bonfire degradation journal angel

连线(3)答案

Narrowing: meat, girl, bonfire Extension: picture, journal Elevation: marshal, angel Degradation: cunning

连线(4)答案

Narrowing: wife, deer Extension: holiday, manuscript Elevation: minister, governor Degradation: criticize, villain (4)

narrowing

extension elevation degradation

holiday villain wife minister deer

governor manuscript criticize

VI. Do the following according to instructions.

A Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of the

italicized words, using such terms as definition, example, explanation, synonym, antonym, superordinate, subordinate, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets. （每题1分） 1. Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of

them still remembered the horrible slaughter not long ago. ( ) 2. I like fruit, but not avocado, which is too soft. ( )

3. Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog in

the street and ate it. ( )

4. Most dentists? offices are drab places, but Emilio?s new office is bright, cheerful. ( )

5. After a day of hunting, John was ravenous. He ate two bowls of soup, salad, a

large chicken, and a piece of chocolate cake before he was finally satisfied. ( ) 6. A north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’wester usually brings rain. （ ）

7. Some African tribes still practice polyandry, a marriage system which allows a woman to have more than one husband. ( )

8. Modern technology is a kind of dehumanization of the human society. ( ) A．答案 1. synonym/synonymy 2. subordinate/hyponym

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3. example/exemplification/superordinate 5. relevant details 7. explanation 4. antonym/antonymy

6. antonym/antonymy 8. word structure

B Decide whether the words in italics are used in the subjective or objective sense and put your answers

in the corresponding brackets. （每题1分）

1. The policeman was suspicious of the suspicious proof given by the suspect to show that he had nothing to

do with the robbery. ( ) ( )

2. The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman in the neighborhood.

( )

3. The earthquake was so dreadful that many people would be afraid even to see the

movie based on it. ( )

4. Fearful TV programs are not suitable to pre-school children.

( )

5. It is very considerate of Mr Li to make that arrangement. ( ) 6. The excuse given by the United States of America is really doubtful. ( )

7. The children were fearful of the fearful picture of the monster.

( ) ( )

8. What a pitiful girl! She lost her parents when she was so small.

( )

9. The listeners were doubtful of the witness?s testimony which sounded very doubtful.

( ) ( ) 10. What a boring man he is! ( )

11. The doubtful teacher listened patiently to the doubtful story told by the student who was late for class.

( ) ( )

12. It is very considerable of you to make such arrangements. ( )

13. The little match girl was really pitiful. She died from cold and hunger on the Christmas Eve.

( )

14. Learning a foreign language is a painful process. No one can expect to learn the language well without

pains. ( ) B. 答案1. subjective; objective 2. objective 3. objective 4. objective 5. subjective 6. objective

7. subjective; objective 8. objective 9. subjective; objective 10. objective 11. subjective, objective 12. subjective 13. objective 14. objective

C. Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of the italicized words,

using such terms as definition, example, synonym, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets.（每题1分）

1. Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of them still remember the horrible killing not long ago. ( )

2. Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog in the street and ate it. ( )

3. The tribal community still practices polygamy, a custom in which someone can be married to more than one person at the

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