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He told me his son was watching TV. 他告诉我他儿子在看电视。 ②从句动作发生在主句动作之后,从句须用过去将来时。例如：
He said he would post the letter. 他说他将要寄这封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他们不知道什么时候去参观长城。
③从句动作发生在主句动作之前,从句须用过去完成时。例如：
He said he had posted the letter。 他说已经把信发了。
They asked me whether I had been there before. 他们问我以前去没去过那里。 但是,如果从句有具体的过去时间状语,尽管从句动作发生在主句动作之前,有时仍用一般过去时。例如：
She told me her brother died in 1960. 她告诉我她哥哥1960年去世的。 They said they checked everything yesterday. 他们说昨天他们全部检查过了。 另外,从句说的是一般真理或客观事实,即使主句用过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时。例如：
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. 老师告诉学生们地球是圆的。 Somebody told me you are a writer. 有人告诉我你是个作家。
除了宾语从句外,其他名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)一般也要遵守这种时态呼应的规律。而状语从句和定语从句则是根据本身意思的需要选用适当的时态。例如：
He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher. 他见过那个他妈妈是我们老师的男孩。
It was not so hot yesterday as it is today. 昨天没有今天这样热。
14、时态与时间状语 时态 一般现在时 一般过去时 时间状语 every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday等 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等 一般将来时 现在完成时 next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等 过去完成时 过去进行时 before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等 将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
Chapter 3. 动词的语态
一、概念：
动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系。英语的语态有两种：主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由助动词“be+过去分词”构成,有人称、数、时态的变化。
二、英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异：
汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了,用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示,如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂,用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化,而这正是英语被动语态的难点。 三、相关知识点精讲： 1、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词,因为不及物动词不能带宾语,也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态;被动语态常用的有8个,以give为例说明如下：
时态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 过去将来时 现在完成时 过去完成时 动词形式 Am/is/are given Was/were given Shall/will be given Am/is/are being given Was/were being given Should/would be given Has/have been given Had been given 被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号;否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。例如：“During the interview, were you
asked questions in English?” “No, I wasn’t asked questions in English.” 2、被动语态的用法
1) 不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法,有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的,这时就用被动语态。
例如：These fighters are imported from Russia. 这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。 2) 说话或发表意见时,为了显得客观公正,也常用被动语态。例如：
He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。 常用句型(that后面跟句子)：It is said that……. 据说；It is reported that……. 据报道；It is hoped that希望；It is believed that……. 人们相信；It is announced that……. 据宣布；it is (well) known that……. 众所周知；It has been decided that……. 已经决定；It is supposed that……. 人们认为；It is suggested that……. 有人建议；It must be remembered that……. 务必记住；It is taken for granted that…….被视为当然；It is thought that… 大家认为 3、主动句变被动句的注意事项 1)时态不能改变;
2)变为被动语态后,谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人称、数上保持一致。还要作如下变动：把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语;主动语态的主语放在by的后面,组成介词短语,再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时,by短语可以省略。例如：
Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats.→We have been warned to be
careful of rats.
3)如果主动语态有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),变为被动语态时,可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语,另一个不变。但较常见的是将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语。例如：
The reporters asked the president some questions. 记者们问了总统一些问题。 →The president was asked some questions by the reporters. ( 变间接宾语为主语)
→Some questions were asked the president by the reporters. (变直接宾语为主语)
注：①感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加\。例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.→I was made to go out of the classroom.
②情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。
4、含有情态动词的被动语态：句中含有情态动词时,其被动语态的结构是：情态动词+be+过去分词。例如：
This book may not be taken out of the reading room. 这本书不允许带出阅览室。 5、不能用于被动语态的动词
1)不及物动词或不及物动词短语不能用于被动语态,因为它们没有宾语。动词如：die,end(vi. 结束), fail,happen, last, lie, sit, spread, stand；词组如：break out, come true, fall asleep, lose heart, take place。例如：