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弃我去者，昨日之日不可留 乱我心者，今日之日多烦忧
美国文学史复习1（colonialism)
第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述
1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land
2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians
4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想：
1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式
2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位
3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝
4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William
他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.
5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could
identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet
7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南：
1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘
Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the \was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion
of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.
3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. 4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution)
(2009-01-17 15:54:25)
一、美国的性质：
The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家：
1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790
1）\Poor Richard's Almanac\穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集 It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation
2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题
3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。 4）first applied the terms \
5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。 6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、
7）The Way to Wealth 致富之道 The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 2、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因 1737-1809 \最平凡的人 1）famous pamphlet \Common Sense\著名的政治小册子《常识》 it boldly advocated a \拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。
2）\American Crisis\《美国危机》，signed \Common Sense\第一段）
The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis
美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代
3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊
1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言
2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of
happiness. 人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。 4、Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者 1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period. 2)has been called the \美国诗歌之父
The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the
Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
学习指南：
1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds.
2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.
美国文学史复习3（Romanicism)
(2009-01-17 18:58:09)
一、文学特征： 1、Environment:
1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境
2）array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮 2、美国文学特点：
pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表现形式多样 Individualistic个人主义 conflicting 矛盾
3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。 4、Transcendentalism 超验主义
1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。
3）they believe in the transcendence of \which all things come and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。
4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.
5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善