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赛先生学社
1) under在??下面/正下方:What's under your desk? 2) below 在??斜下方:Her skirt came below her knees. 第三组:in 和on表示“在??上”
1. 门一类——镶嵌在墙里的,用in, 字画一类——挂在墙面上的,用on
1) He put up a map on the back wall because there was a hole in it. 2 ) There is a door in the wall.
2. 一类落在树上的(用in,苹果一类长在树上的,用on
1 )There are some birds singing in the trees. 2 )There are so many apples on that tree. 第四组:in /on/ to表示“接壤” B A B A A B B A B A B 在A里 ——用in A和B相邻、接壤,用on A和B不相邻,不接壤,用to
1) The United States is on the south of Canada and to the east of Japan. 2) Japan lies to the east of China. 第五组:at, in表示“在??”
1)at表示较小的地点。如:at the bus stop, at home 2)in表示较大的地点。如: in China, in the world 第六组:in front of 和in the front of
1)in front of表示“在?之前”范围外。如: There are some trees in front of the classroom.
2)in the front of 表示“在?的前部”范围内,如: There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 第七组:in / into in表示“在??里面”,强调静态,into表示“去??里面”,强调动态。 第八组:through / across通过,穿过 across表示横过,即从物体表面通过,与on有关,为二维
through穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关,为三维。
Unit 4 Save the trees
Ⅰ. 短语(词组)
1. discuss=talk about讨论
2. cut off 砍掉 cut down 砍倒 3. all over the country 全国
4. be harmful to=be bad for 对....有害 5. know more about 进一步了解 6. take in 吸收 7. for example例如 8. come from来自 9. in fact 事实上 10. look around环顾
11. stop doing sth.停止做某事(不做) stop to do sth 停下来去做另外一件事 12. be good for对...有益 be bad for 对、、、有害 13. as a result结果
14. the number of + c.n.的复数,作主语,谓语动词用单数 ....的数量 15. furniture 家具 【不可数名词】作主语时(谓语用单数, a piece of furniture 一件家具 two pieces of furniture 两件家具 16. be made of 由、、、制成(看得出原材料)
be made from 由、、、制成(看不出原材料)
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be made by sb. 由某人制成 be made in 在、、、地方制作或生产
17. millions of大量的,数以百万计的 基数词+ million或millions of 18. fight with:与某人斗争,fight against:反对某人、某物
fight for:为某人、某物斗争,fight about:因为某物而战
19. I know trees also make our lives more convenient. make sth + adj. 使、、、怎么样 20. I can’t imagine a world without trees. imagine vt. 想象, without prep. 无,没有
21. However, people are destroying the area by cutting down many of the trees. by doing:通过做某事 22. Many living things lose their homes because of deforestation. 1) because of+名词
2) because +句子 :I am happy because I received收到 a present just now. 23. according to :根据
Ⅱ. 语法:现在进行时( be doing ) 1、现在进行时的语法功能 1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作。这类情况常与now现在(at the present现在(at the moment现在等时间状 语连用。
Please don't make so much noise. I'm writing a composition. 不要吵闹。我正在写作文。 Look! They are reading over there under the tree. 看,他们在那边的树底下看书。 Listen! She is singing in the room. 听,她在房间里唱歌。 2)表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定在进行的动作。
We are working in a factory these days. 这几天我们在一家工厂工作。
这类情况常与today今天,this week这个星期,this evening今天晚上,these days目前等时间状语连用。 3)在口语中表示主语计划将要作的动作
They are leaving for New York tomorrow. 明天他们将要动身前往纽约。
这类情况常与come来,go去, leave离开,depart离开,arrive到达,stay逗留,start开始等动词连用。所用 的动词必须是动作而不是状态,主语必须是人。
4)现在进行时与always等副词连用时带有感情色彩。 He's always quarreling with others. 他老喜欢跟别人吵架。
与always总是,usually通常,continually不断的,constantly经常的,forever永远、老是等副词连用。 5)有的现在进行时句子和一般现在时同义。用现在进行时表示问者的关切心情。 How are you feeling today? (How do you feel today?你今天感觉如何?
Why are you looking(do you look)so sad? 为什么你看起来这么愁眉苦脸的样子呢? 2、结构:be(am/is/are)+动词ing(现在分词)
1)肯定句:主语+ be + v-ing. + 其他. 如:The children are playing in the park. 2) 否定句:主语+ be + not + v-ing. + 其他. 如:I am not talking to you. 3)一般疑问句:Be +主语+ v-ing.+其它? 如:Are you talking to me?
4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句? 如:Who are you talking to?
3、动词ing现在分词的变化规则
1) 直接加ing: do- doing play- playing cry- crying fly- flying go- going 2)双写最后一个辅音字母,再加ing:
run- running, get- getting, let- letting, begin- beginning, put-putting, sit-sitting, swim- swimming,cut- cutting , shop- shopping , plan- planning . 3)去掉最后一个不发音的e,再加ing:
dance- dancing, wake- waking , take- taking, practice- practicing , write- writing , have- having 4) 改ie为y,再加ing : die(死亡)—dying, tie(系)— tying lie(说谎)- lying 4、【注意】表状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时如:
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believe(相信),doubt(怀疑),hear,know,understand,belong(属于),think(认为),look(看起来),show,mind,have,sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),care,like,hate,love, 例如:Danny: The doorbell is ringing. May: I know. I hear it. 【信息词】look,liste,now,
Unit 5 Water
Ⅰ. 短语(词组)
1. turn off 关上(电灯、煤气、自来水、电视等) turn on 打开(电灯、煤气、自来水、、电视等) turn up 开大 (收音机、电视等)音量 turn down 调低(收音机、电视等)音量 off\\ on\\ up\\ down 都是 adv. 接代词只能放中间 如:turn it off 2. look around = look round 环顾四周
3. It’s time for sb to do sth. 到某人做某事的时间了。 It’s time to do sth. 到做某事的时间了。 It’s time for sth. 是、、、的时间了。 4. add sth to sth 把、、、加入、、、里 add A and B 把A和B加起来 5. make sb\\sth + adj. 使某人、某物怎么样 make sb do sth. 让某人做某事 6. remember (not) to do sth 记得(不)要去做某事 –(事还没做)
remember doing sth 记得做过某事 –(事做了) 7. a large amount of 谓语用单数,后接不可数名词 8. noise:噪音,不愉悦的声音 sound:几乎所有声音 9. along沿着(线) across横穿(面) 10. 1)表示返回,return不能和back连用
2)表示归还,return可以和back连用 Please return the book back before Friday. 11. in the form of:以...的形式 12. a bit 有点;一点
13. be made up of 由、、、组成 14. dry up 干涸
15. continue to do sth. 继续做别的事 continue doing sth 继续做同一件事
After he finished reading a novel, he continued to play games with his friends. 他读完小说后跟朋友们继续玩游戏。
After a rest, he continues reading.稍事休息后,他继续看书。 Ⅱ. 语法:谈论名词的数量 一. 谈论多少 1. “许多”的表达:
① a lot of = lots of + 不可数名词\\ 可数名词复数 如:a lot of\\ lots of water a lot of\\ lots of swimmers ② many + 可数名词复数 如:many swimmers ③ much + 不可数名词 如:much water 2. “有一些;少量的(肯定意义)”的表达: ① a little + 不可数名词 如:a little time ② a few + 可数名词复数 如:a few friends 3. “几乎没有;没有(否定意义)”的表达:
① little + 不可数名词 如:There is little food in the fridge. ② few + 可数名词复数 如:He has few friends. ③ no +不可数名词\\ 可数名词复数
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如:There is no water in the pool. There are no swimmers in the pool. 4. 注意:
① a little = not?much “很少(肯定意义)”
如:There is a little water in this bottle. = There is not much water in this bottle. ② a few = not? many “很少(肯定意义)”
如:There are a few swimmers in the pool. = There are not many swimmers in the pool. 二.询问多少
1. How many +可数名词复数 + 一般疑问句 + 其他 , 如: How many oranges are there in the fridge?
2. How much +不可数名词+ 一般疑问句 + 其他 , 如: How much paper do you need?
How much is\\are + the + n. ? 询问价格 如: How much are the oranges? 三.谈论足够与否
1. “太多的”表达:
too many +可数名词复数 如: too many oranges too much +不可数名词 如: too much water 2. “足够的”表达:
enough +可数名词复数\\不可数名词 如: enough onions\\ salt 3. “不足的”表达:
not enough +可数名词复数\\不可数名词 如: not enough onions\\ salt 4. “太少的”表达:
too few +可数名词复数 如:too few eggs too little +不可数名词 如:too little milk 四.区别
1. too much +不可数名词“太多的、、、” much too + adj.\\ adv. “太、、、”
如:The beef is much too delicious. 牛肉太好吃了。
2. ① enough adj. 足够的;充分的 修饰名词,一般置于名词之前 如: We have enough milk for everyone. enough money
② enough adv. 足够地;充分地 修饰adj.\\ adv. ,只能放在adj.\\adv. 后面 如: He didn’t study hard enough. good enough
五、分数的表达
先分子,再分母,分子用基数,分母用序数,当分子为大于1的整数时,分母要变复数。 quarter 1/4 half 1/2 two thirds 2/3 three fifths 3/5
Unit 6 Electricity
Ⅰ. 短语(词组)
1. moment 可数名词, 意为”瞬间;片刻” 如:I’d like to talk to you for a moment.
与moment 相关的短语:
a moment ago 刚刚;刚才 如:He was here a moment ago. at the moment 现在;此刻 如:He is at home at the moment. wait a moment 等一会儿 如:Wait a moment, please. at the moment 此时此刻; for the moment 暂时; In a moment 过一会儿; at any moment任何时刻 2.later 副词,意为”后来;以后” 3. a packet of 一袋
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