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Unit One

? raw: adj. cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzed

The event took place on a raw February morning.

Raw materials are the natural substances from which industrial products are made.

? Launch: vt. 1) start

Beginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes to explore other planets. 2) send (sth.) on its course

On October 4, 1957, Soviet scientists launched the world’s first artificial satellite, called Sputnik. Collocation: launch an attack

launch a massive campaign 发动一场大规模的运动 launch a company 开一家公司 launch threats at sb.

launch into （积极有力地）开始

launch out （精力充沛或戏剧性地）开始

He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs. She wants to be more than a singer and is launching out into films.

? campaign: n. a series of military operations or planned activities with a particular

aim

The government is launching a massive campaign against corruption.

? efficient: adj. working well, quickly and without waste

To cut back on fossil fuels, we should build more efficient cars. It is not efficient to hire poorly trained workers.

? conquest: n. conquering, defeat

The year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany.

? retreat: v. move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty

After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward. retreat 的反义词是advance，例如：

to advance against (on, to, toward) 朝…前进 to retreat from 从…撤退 to retreat to 撤退到

? engage: vt.

1) begin fighting with sb.

The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately.

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2) draw into; involve

We tried to engage him in our conversation, but in vain. 3) attract sb.’s interest

His good nature engages everyone. 他善良的性情吸引每个人。 4) occupy

Studying engages most of a serious student’s time. Pattern: engage (sb.) in sth.: (cause to) take part in sth. They are currently engaged in lengthy trade negotiations. Collocation: engage as 使聘为… engage in 从事；使参加 engage with 与…啮合

? be faced with: have to deal with

The librarians were faced with the huge task of listing all the books.

? crucial: adj. very important (followed by to)

Improved consumer confidence is crucial to economic recovery. CF: crucial, critical & decisive

这三个词都是形容词，都有“紧要的、紧迫的、重要的” 之意。

crucial 意为“决定性的、极重要的”，指对关键性事物不

断增长的缺乏或需求，紧急情况或危急转折关头。

critical 意为“决定性的”，与crucial相似，但表示对缺 乏程度更精确的估计。在转折关头时比crucial表 现出更大的严重性。

decisive 意思是“决定性的、果断的”，具有重要、特殊 或决定性效果。 例如：Our air forces were decisive in winning the war.

? take a gamble: take a risk

The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off.

? press on/ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way

(used in the pattern: press on/ahead (with sth.))

Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform.

? bide one’s time: wait patiently for a chance

His political rivals are biding their time for an attack on his policies.

? minus: prep. below zero; made less by; slightly lower than the mark stated

Tomorrow’s temperature will be as low as minus ten degrees Centigrade. 20 minus 10 is 10.

I got B minus in the final examination.

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1) minus 的反义词是plus（加上）。例如：3 plus 6 is 9. 2) minus 还可以作形容词，意为“负的；减去的”。例如：a minus quantity 负数；minus electricity 负电。此外，minus还可用作名词，意为“负号， 减号；负数”。

3) drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously

? drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously

How much longer is the meeting going to drag on?

? at the cost of: with the loss of

The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment. Collocation:

At any cost: 不惜任何代价 At all costs: 不惜一切代价 At no cost: 不需花代价

? Limp:

1. vi. walk with difficulty, esp. when one foot or leg is hurt He limped off the football field.

2. adj. lacking or having lost rigidity, as of structure or substance; lacking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless

a limp handshake无力的握手 limp opposition微弱的反抗

? catch sb. off guard: take sb. by surprise

The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.

? Instruct: vt.

1) give orders or directions to (sb.)

The family has instructed solicitors to sue Thomson for compensation. Pattern: instruct sb. to do sth. instruct sb. that 2) teach (sb.)

They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job. Pattern: instruct sb. in/on sth. CF: instruct, direct & order

这几个词都是动词，都有“吩咐、命令”之意。

instruct 指向人下命令或指示、指导等，还可指交待。例如： He was instructed to represent the Government. direct 一般指上级对下级进行的指示、命令等，对采取的行动有准确 说明。例如：The owners directed that the factory be closed.

order 是普通用语，往往带有强制性，语气较强。 例如： He ordered the enemy to lay down their arms.

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