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如何看懂托福阅读长难句(上篇)
朗阁海外考试研究中心 徐露露
朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家认为,在面对长难句时,考生一定不能“只见树木(单词),不见森林(结构)”,句子主干部分永远比修饰部分要重要。下面就来谈一谈托福阅读真题当中的长难句结构类型。
一、定语从句
首先,定语从句应该是托福阅读最喜欢考察的结构,一般可以将其分为两种:单层定语从句结构和多层定语从句结构。
1. 单层定语从句结构:指整个句中包含一个或两个并列关系的定语从句。 例:包含一个定语从句的情况
In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. (TPO 26 Energy and the Industrial Revolution) 解析:该句是that引导的定语从句 固定搭配:
(be) applied to应用于 a variety of很多…... 词汇:
viable=practicable=feasible=practical=possible (adj.)切实可行的 variety=category=group=lot (n.) 种类
翻译:十七世纪末,James Watt设计了一种高效并且可商用的蒸汽机,随着其价格降低,很快被应用于各种工业。
例:包含两个并列定语从句的情况
Without predators, the species that is the best competitor for food, shelter, nesting sites, and other environmental resources tends to dominate and
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exclude the species with which it competes. (TPO 27 Predator-Prey Cycles) 解析:
该句含有两个并列的定语从句,分别由that和which来引导。 词汇:
predator = eater捕食者
dominate = govern = control = predominate (v.) 控制;统治 exclude = rule out = eliminate (v.) 排除
翻译:没有捕食者时,那种在对食物、庇护所、筑巢点和其它环境资源的争夺中胜出的竞争者,趋向于成为统治者,并且使与其竞争的其它物种灭绝。
2. 多层定语从句结构:指包含两个及以上从属关系的定语从句 例:
If so, the green algae would have been subjected to environmental pressures that resulted in adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms. (TPO 25 The Evolutionary Origin of Plants) 解析:
该句主要包含了两个由that引导的定语从句(但两者并不是并列关系,而是存在等级上的分层,即多层结构)
一层:that resulted in adaptations
二层:that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms. 固定搭配:
be subjected to… 容易受到......影响 result in… 导致...... give rise to… 产生...... 词汇:
be subjected to…= be vulnerable to… = be susceptible to… 容易受到......影响 result in = give rise to = lead to = contribute to… 导致...... enhance = improve = boost = increase (v.) 提高
organism = organic matter = organic = substance (n.) 有机物;有机体
翻译:如果事实如此的话,绿藻可能曾经受到环境的压力,产生了适应机制,即提高进化出
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陆生植物或其他有机体的可能性。 例:
These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight. (TPO 25 The Evolutionary Origin of Plants) 解析:
该句包含三个定语从句,前两个是由that引导的并列结构,共同来修饰先行词vessel, 构成第一层结构。
(1) that transport water and minerals upward from the roots
(2) that move the photosynthetic products from leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin
第三个定语从句是由which引导来修饰lignin, 构成第二层结构。 (3) which support the plant body
固定搭配:
transport sth. upward from… 把某物从….向上运输 expose sth. to… 把某物暴露在…下
词汇:stiffening = rigid = tough (adj.)坚硬的 substance = matter = material (n.)物质 expose = reveal = unveil (v.)暴露
翻译:其中包括从根部向上运输水分和矿物质的导管,从叶片向植物其他部分输送光合作用产物的筛管以及用来支撑植物体、使得它以最大表面积接触阳光的硬化木质。
二、同位语从句
同位语从句在托福当中也算是一个高频的结构,主要是因为ETS比较人性化,喜欢以同位语或同位语从句的形式来对专有名词或抽象名词进行解释。
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