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句型练习——定语从句

知识点和例题讲解

一. 关系代词that和which的区别 （1)相同点

这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。 The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语) The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略) （2）用that，不用which的情况

①当先行词是不定代词all, one, few, little, everything, nothing,any, anything, little等不定代词或被它们修饰时。

Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗?

He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。 ②当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。

This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。

③当先行词有the very，the only，the same等修饰时。

That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。 Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。 ④当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。

They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他们在谈论在工厂里看到的人和事。

⑤当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。

China is not the country that it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。 ⑥当要避免与疑问词which重复时。

Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪辆车是北京制造的?

⑦当先行词为the way, the time, the period等时，关系代词常用that，但通常被省略。 I don't like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。 （3）用which，不用that的情况 ①引导非限制性定语从句。

Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。

②直接放在介词后作宾语时。

Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。

教你巧学巧记: that和which的区别，很容易记混，用下面的顺口溜便不难区分： that，which可互换，下列请况勿照办， that情况比较多，不妨对你说一说; 不定代词这路货，全用that准没错。 先行词前被限制，千万不要用which， 要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。 二、关系代词who与that的区别

（1）当先行词是he、people、those等时，引导词常用who。

He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。

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Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人请举手。 （2）当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。

She isn't the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是过去的那个小姑娘了。 三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

1、限制性定语从句

定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句为先行词不可缺少的定语。如果将这种定语从句省去，主句的意思就会不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。 She has found the necklace that she lost 2 years ago. 她找到了两年前丢失的项链。 2、非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that来引导。

Yesterday, I met Li Ping, who seemed to be busy. 昨天我遇见了李平，他好像很忙。(非限制性定语从句) In Britain, which has a population of 55. 8 million, 110,000 people die from smoking each year. 英国有5580万人口，每年有11万人口死于吸烟。(非限制性定语从句)

Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D. C. 领导美国人民经历了这些年的亚伯拉罕·林肯1865年4月14日在华盛顿的一家戏院被枪杀。(非限制性定语从句)

3、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 （1）形式上不同

非限制性定语从句在书写时往往用逗号和主句分开，而限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句分开。 Last night I saw a very good film，which was about the Long March. The man whom I met in the street was a driver. （2）可否省略的不同

限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义，而非限制性定语从句是对先行词作的附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。

I was the only person in my office who was invited.

They set up a state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves. （3）关系代词的不同

非限制性定语从句不能用that代替who，whom和which，并且关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时也不能省略，但在限制性定语从句中却恰恰相反。如:

This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. She sang a new song, which we liked very much. （4）翻译方式不同

限制性定语从句往往译在先行词之前，而非限制性定语从句往往译为一个并列的句子。 She is the nurse who looks after the children.她就是照料这些孩子的阿姨。

This note was left by Xiao Wu, who was here a moment ago.这个条子是小吴留的，她刚才到这儿来过。

比较:

He has a brother, who lives in Beijing. (有一个哥哥。)

He has a brother who lives in Beijing. (可能有几个哥哥，其中一个是住在北京的。) 4、as与which在非限制性定语从句中的用法区别

as和which作为关系代词都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句所表达的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语，但它们在用法上是有区别的，这一点许多学生往往搞不清楚。现就它们引导非限制性定语从句时的用法简述如下：

（1）相同之处

当从句位于主句之后，引导词指代整个主句所表达的全部意义时，as和which可以互换。

The elephant is like a snake, as/which everybody can see.热和人都看得出，这头大象像条蛇。

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He is an Englishman, as/which I know from his accent.他是一个英国人，那时我从他的口音上知道的。 （2）不同之处

①as引导非限制性定语从句时，位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之中或之后，而which引导非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，不能位于主句之前。

Robert is good at languages, as we all know. 罗伯特擅长学语言，这我们都知道。

As is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time. 都知道,再过二十到三十年，中国将成为一个强大先进的国家。

Air, as we know, is a gas. 我们知道，空气是一种气体。

注意：as引导非限制性定语从句常有“如同……那样”的含义，因此在一些固定结构如as we know/as is known to all(众所周知),as we all can see(正如我们大家都能看到的那样),as has been said before/above(正如前文所述),as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那样),as might be imagined(可以想象得到),as might be expected(正如所预料的那样),as is often the case(情况常常是这样)等中，一般不能用which代替as。 ②搭配上，在由the same或such所修饰的名词后通常用as作关系代词引出限制性定语从句。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).我遇到了与他一样的麻烦。

I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.我从未听过像他讲得那么有趣的故事。

③which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，意思是“这件事”；as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。例如：

He sold his bicycle, which surprised me. (=He sold his bicycle, and this surprised me.)他把自行车卖了,这使我感到奇怪。

As is known to all, China is the country with largest population in the world. 众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。

④当which在从句中指代的是先行词本身而不是主句时，不可用as代替which。

The apple tree, which I planted last year, has not borne any fruit.这棵苹果树是我去年种下的，还没有结出任何果实。

The book, which I bought yesterday, is very instructive.我昨天买的那本书很有教育意义。

⑤在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语，也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。

He married her, which was natural. (可用as代替which)他和她结婚了，这是很自然的事。

He saw the girl, which delighted him. (不可用as代替which)他见到了那个女孩，这使他很高兴。 He was late for class again, which made the teacher very angry. (不可用as代替which)他上课又迟到了，这使老师很生气。

⑥as引导的从句在意义上不可与主语相悖，而which引导的从句则不受此限制。例如：

Mummy treats me like a baby, which I can't bear.妈妈把我当小孩看待，这使我不能忍受的。 The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn't expected.试验结果很好，这是我们没预料到的。

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.天气证明很好，这我们没预料到。 四、特殊的先行词

1、当先行词是way意为：方式、方法，时引导定语从句的关系词有三种情况：1）in which 2)that 3)不填。 Tell me the way （不填；in which; that）you came here.告诉我你是怎么来的。

2、当先行词是time意为：次数，时引导定语从句的关系词有两种情况：1）不填 2)that。 This is the first time I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。 3、当先行词是one of+复数名词时，定语从句的谓语动词用复数。

He is one of the students who were praised yesterday.他是昨天受到表扬的学生之一。 4、当先行词是the (only) one of+复数名词时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数。

He is one of the students who was praised yesterday.他是昨天唯一受到表扬的学生。

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