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imprisonment for life 8) a dresser means

Analyse : as for 1、2、3 ,affixed to a verb ,the suffix forms agent nouns with the meaning of ? one who performs an action ‘ as for 4、5 ， this affix may also be joined to the means of cities , countries , and to other place names . as for 6、7、8 colloquial and slangy .

Ⅳ Conversion

1、what is the difference between conversion（此类转化法） and suffixation（加后缀）? (P55 介绍conversion的第一段 )： Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero-derivation.

e.g. bottle (n. ) ---- bottle ( v. ), buy (v. ) ---- buy ( n.), tutor ( n. ) ---- tutor ( v. )（例子也可以举其他的如attack）

(P49 介绍Suffixation的第一段)：Suffixation: It's the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.e.g.boy n. + -ish -- boyish adj. boy n. +hood -- boyhood n. 2、In a conversion pair, how can you determine which of the two is the base and which the derived word(派生词)? （P56 中间三个例子）

?The base is derivation by zero suffix.

Spy –a deverbal noun without suffix, meaning one who spies.

?The derived word is derivation by suffix

Wirter---a deverbal noun with \suffix，meaning one who writes

3、Illustrate the axiom（原理）,\grammatical classification of any word is pendent upon its use.\（P57最后一段）Notice how the word-class of

round varies in accordance with its use in the following sentence:

i.e. The second round(n)（回合）was exciting. Any round(adj)（圆的）plate will do. Some drivers round(v)（绕行）coners too rapidly.

The sound goes round and round(phrase). (旋转)

The above examples tell us a very important fact: because word order（词序） is more fixed in Modern English than ever before, the function shifts within sentence structures are possible without causing any confusion in intelligibility(可懂度，可理解性).『这一段可不要』

4、Why is the conversion from noun to verb the most productive process of conversion? (58—59页)First in contemporary English, there is a tendency of ―a preponderance of nouns aver verb‖.

Second, there are only a few

verb-forming affixes in English. They are be-, en-, -ify, -ize and –en.

5、What are the major semantic types under

noun to verb conversion? （a）“to put in/on N” （b）“to give N, to provide N” （c）“to deprive of N; or to remove the

object denoted by the noun from something” （d）“To….with N” （e）“To｛be/ act as｝N with respect to…” (1)verbs from human nouns (2)verbs from animal nouns (3)verbs from inanimate nouns （f）“To ｛make/change｝…into N” （g）“To ｛send/go｝by N” (1)mail (2)bicycle （h）“To spend the period of time denoted

by N”

6、Why is the poor an example of partial

conversion?

（62页）It is used as noun when preceded by

the definite article; yet the converted noun takes on only some of the features of the noun; i.e. It does not take plural and genitive inflection, nor can it be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc.

8、Pick out the converted words in the

sentences below and state(1)the word-class of the converted words and their meanings; (2)to what word-class the base of each of the converted words belongs:

（1）They are going to summer in Guilin.

the converted word: summer（v.） the word-class of it: conversion

meaning:避暑；过夏天

the base of the word of the word-class belongs: summer(n.)

(2)They

hurrahed

his

wonderful