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C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar D. Adjacency Principle

10. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _D__ might arise. A. impoliteness B. contradictions

C. mutual understanding D. conversational implicatures I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. The person who is often described as ―father of modern linguistics‖ is _B__.. A. Firth B. Saussure C. Halliday D. Chomsky

2. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of _A__.

A. function B. meaning C. signs D. system

3. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is _C__. A. Boas B. Sapir C. Bloomfield D. Harris

4. Generally speaking, the _A__ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.

A. Slot B. Class C. Role D. Cohesion

5. _A__ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.

A. Traditional B. Structural C. Functional D. Generative

6. _A__ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.

A. Stratificational B. Case C. Relational D. Montague

7. In Halliday’s view, the _B___ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.

A. personal B. heuristic C. imaginative D. informative 8. The rheme in the sentence ―On it stood Jane‖ is __D__. A. On it B. stood C. On it stood D. Jane

9. Chomsky follows __C___ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology. A. empiricism B. behaviorism C. relationalism D. mentalism 10. TG grammar has seen ___C__ stages of development.

A. three B. four C. five D. six

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. F

12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary. F

13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems. T 14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F

15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted. F

16. Only human beings are able to communicate. F

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17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. F

18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language. F

19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. F 20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. F II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence. T

12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. T

13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T 14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F

15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. F

16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. T 17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place. T

18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short. T

19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. F

20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. F

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. F

12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme. T

13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed. F 14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base. T

15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word. T

16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. F 17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia. T

18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. F

19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. F 20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence. T

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12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. T

13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. T 14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. T

15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for. F

16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F

17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T

18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. F

19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T

20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure. T

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. F

12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. F

13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. 14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. T

15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. F

16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. T

17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F

18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T

19. ―It is hot.‖ is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T

20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. T II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers. F

12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations. T

13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term ―speech variety‖ can not be used to refer to

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standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin. F

14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary. F

15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features. F

16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect. T

17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds. F

18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax. T 19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing. F

20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting. F

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F

12. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered. T

13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. T

14. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is. F

15. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. F 16. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable. F 17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences F

18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. F 19. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century. T

20. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. T II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to langue whereas phonology belonged to parole. F

12. The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast. F 13. London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics. T

14. According to Firth, a system is a set of mutually exclusive options that come into play at some point in a linguistic structure. T

15. American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century. F

16. The Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar. F 17. American descriptive linguistics is empiricist and focuses on diversities of languages. T

18. Chomsky’s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure’s concept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhat different from Saussure’s langue. T

19. Glossematics emphasizes the nature and status of linguistic theory and its relation to description. T

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20. If two sentences have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would be the same in terms of textual coherence. F

III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)

21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of ____ verbal ______ communication.

22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___ productivity / creativity _______.

23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is ____ metalingual function ______.

24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ___ yo-he-ho _______ theory.

25. Linguistics is the ___ scientific _______ study of language.

26. Modern linguistics is ___ descriptive _______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.

27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ___ speech _______ over writing.

28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _____ diachronic linguistic _____ study.

29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. ____ langue ______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.

30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s ______ competence ____.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. Consonant sounds can be either ___ voiced_______ or ____ voiceless______, while all vowel sounds are ______ voiced____.

22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing ____ friction______.

23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ______ tongue ____ and the lips. 24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the ___ height_______ to which that part of the tongue is raised.

25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without _____ obstruction _____.

26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the

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