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problems that cannot be ignored. Some leaders unwilling to do masses work, masses concept weak, on masses feelings not deep, pendulum not are with masses of relationship, think masses work is revolutionary war era of things, now obsolete has, buried business work, ignored masses work of situation compared General; some leaders not do masses work, old method regardless of with, new not with, not understand masses psychological, not understand masses wishes, not said masses language, work method simple stiff, caused masses of conflict and antipathy; some leaders can't do masses work, Faced with a lot of contradictions among the people worry about fear, panic set in encounter group events, and some are even mismanaged, inflame, so work has suffered heavy losses, and so on. These problems we are soberly aware, enhancing the party's ruling capability, the maintenance and development of the party's advanced nature and purity, and to enhance the ability of party committees and leading cadres are good people. Attach great importance to and is good at doing mass work, has become the new urgent situation strengthening the party's governing capacity-building tasks. Combined practice of maintaining flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, urged the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially all levels ... Processing to improve as a guide to the country. \se new things, be promoted. \d manifestation of the Deng Xiaoping's mass. Deng also put people \s not support\not to agree\happy\omise\nd destination of developing guidelines, policies, and as the only standard for measuring compliance with the wishes of the masses of the people. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping theory, Central Government adopted a series of important measures to strengthen links with the masses. In December 1989, the CPC Central Committee made on adhering to and perfecting the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, closely for CPC and the democratic parties and the relationship between the part of the masses that they contact, effectively carrying out the mass line, played a positive role. In March 1990, the 13 plenary session adopted the decision on strengthening contacts with the masses of the Party noted that \nd developed in the long struggle of the party's mass line, is to realize the party's ideological line, the fundamental political and organizational work route\s maintain flesh-and-blood ties and development of the masses, is directly related to the rise and fall of the rise and fall of the party and State. In September 1994, 14 adopted by the plenary session of the Party on strengthening decision on several major issues of party building. The requirements of the decision of the party's leading bodies and leading cadreshould develop a democratic style of work, come from the masses, to the masses, together, stick to the mass line. Party of 13 session four in the plenary yihou, to Jiang comrade for core of party第1章单片机基础知识概述习题

1．什么是单片机？单片机与通用微机相比有何特点？

答：单片机(Single Chip Microcomputer)又称为单片微控制器( Micro Controller Unit)是将通用微计算机基本功能部件(CPU、存储器、定时/计数器，I/O接口)集成在一块芯片上构成的一种专用微计算机系统。

与通用微型机相比，具有如下特点：(1) 体积小、重量轻、功耗低；(2)片内资源较少，如存储空间小；(3)对环境要求低，可靠性高；(3) 易扩展；(4) 控制能力强；(5)易于开发。

2．单片机的发展有哪几个阶段？8位单片机会不会过时，为什么？

答：单片机诞生于20世纪70年代，经历了从4位(如Intel 4004、4040)、8位(如Intel 8048、8051系列，AVR Atmel系列)、16位(如Intel 8096、8098，还有MSP430系列等)的发展阶段。其名称也从单片微型计算机(Single Chip Microcomputer)改为国际通用的MCU即微控制器(Micro Controller Unit)，国内仍习惯叫单片机。

8位单片机不会过时，因为它的性阶比高，可以满足很多智能仪器仪表的需求。现在的单片机发展趋势有四个方面：高集成度、高性能化(由单CPU向多CPU方向发展)、低功耗化(CHMOS化，低电压，功耗为μW级)，高性价比(改进性能，降低成本)。随着IC技术的不断发展，有许多8位单片机(包括51系列)在这些方面都有体现。

3．举例说明单片机的主要应用领域。答：单片机的主要应用领域有：

(1) 工业自动化，如工业过程控制、过程监测、机电一体化产品等； (2) 智能仪器仪表，如常用的智能电度表、精密数字温度计等； (3) 信息和通信产品，如打印机，电话机、传真机等；

(4) 汽车电子和航空航天器电子系统，如动力监控监测系统、自动驾驭系统、通信系统及运行监视器(黑匣子)等； (5) 智能家电，如洗衣机、微波炉等；

4．将十进制数37转换为二进制数、BCD码和十六进制数，并对转换结果进行对比分析。

答：(37)10=()2=()BCD=25H

5．写出下列十进制数在8位微机中的原码、反码和补码形式。 (1) +36 (2) -6 (3) +127 (4) -128 (5) -12l 答：(1) (+36)10=(+)2 原码＝反码＝补码＝ (2) (-6)10=(-110)2 原码＝，反码＝，补码＝ (3) (+127)10=()2 原码＝反码＝补码＝ (4) (-128)10=()2 补码＝

(5) (-12l)10=(-)2 原码＝，反码＝，补码＝ 6．对于二进制数1000 1001B，若理解为无符号数，则该数对应十进制数为多少？

f third generation Central led collective, banner Deng Xiao-ping's theory great flag, insisted liberation thought, and facts, and times, in both at home and abroad political storm, and economic risk, severe test before, relies on party and people, defended China features Socialist, created socialist market new system, created full open new situation, advance party of construction new of great engineering, founded \sentative\nt thought, Continue to steer the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right. Comrade Jiang Zemin said: \ngthening and improving the party's mass work in the new situation, it is of decisive significance to consolidating the ruling Foundation of the party. \hrough our party and some of the world's major lessons learned from the success of the old party of the party, Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out:\political advantage of our party is in close contact with the masses, the most dangerous after the ruling party was divorced from the masses. %uction, only the understanding, support and participation of the people, people's enthusiasm and creativity into full play in order to advance; the leadership of the party, only the tie and win the masses embraced, can be consolidated and strengthened. \d out that strengthening and improving the party's work style construction, maintaining the party's flesh-and-blood ties with the masses is the core problem, the key is to do solid work, implement, resolutely oppose and overcome formalism. Comrade Jiang Zemin stressed that all the work and policies of the party, are in compliance with the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people to the highest degree, to the majority of people are not satisfied with the fundamental guidelines, strive to make our workers, farmers, intellectuals and other people enjoy ... Single, everyone seemed to know. But well known does not mean perfect. Some party members and leading cadres, consider contacting their small departments, within a small circle of people, or contact individual owners, the entrepreneur, is the masses, this idea is obviously not correct. The Communist Party of China, people should have three characteristics. First, the people should be the most social, is a Department within the scope of the majority. Specific to the party and Government departments, especially the cadres working in the Central and State organs, mass is the 1.3 billion Chinese people, work for the party members and cadres, masses are the land within the jurisdiction of the common people. The second characteristic of the masses, is that we have common interests. Masses are manifestations of each specific people, but the crowd is a comprehensive political concept, refers to people with common political and economic interests in the period of social transformation, social differentiation between the interests of the masses is large, if you do not find the interest in doing mass work, the party members and cadres, will be in a passive position. The third characteristic of the massesproblems that cannot be ignored. Some leaders unwilling to do masses work, masses concept weak, on masses feelings not deep, pendulum not are with masses of relationship, think masses work is revolutionary war era of things, now obsolete has, buried business work, ignored masses work of situation compared General; some leaders not do masses work, old method regardless of with, new not with, not understand masses psychological, not understand masses wishes, not said masses language, work method simple stiff, caused masses of conflict and antipathy; some leaders can't do masses work, Faced with a lot of contradictions among the people worry about fear, panic set in encounter group events, and some are even mismanaged, inflame, so work has suffered heavy losses, and so on. These problems we are soberly aware, enhancing the party's ruling capability, the maintenance and development of the party's advanced nature and purity, and to enhance the ability of party committees and leading cadres are good people. Attach great importance to and is good at doing mass work, has become the new urgent situation strengthening the party's governing capacity-building tasks. Combined practice of maintaining flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, urged the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially all levels ... Processing to improve as a guide to the country. \se new things, be promoted. \d manifestation of the Deng Xiaoping's mass. Deng also put people \s not support\not to agree\happy\omise\nd destination of developing guidelines, policies, and as the only standard for measuring compliance with the wishes of the masses of the people. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping theory, Central Government adopted a series of important measures to strengthen links with the masses. In December 1989, the CPC Central Committee made on adhering to and perfecting the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, closely for CPC and the democratic parties and the relationship between the part of the masses that they contact, effectively carrying out the mass line, played a positive role. In March 1990, the 13 plenary session adopted the decision on strengthening contacts with the masses of the Party noted that \nd developed in the long struggle of the party's mass line, is to realize the party's ideological line, the fundamental political and organizational work route\s maintain flesh-and-blood ties and development of the masses, is directly related to the rise and fall of the rise and fall of the party and State. In September 1994, 14 adopted by the plenary session of the Party on strengthening decision on several major issues of party building. The requirements of the decision of the party's leading bodies and leading cadreshould develop a democratic style of work, come from the masses, to the masses, together, stick to the mass line. Party of 13 session four in the plenary yihou, to Jiang comrade for core of party若理解为有符号数，则该数对应十进制数为多少？若理解为BCD数，则该数对应十进制数为多少？答：二进制数1000 1001B，若理解为无符号数，则该数对应十进制数为128+9=137，若理解为有符号数，则应是补码，该数对应十进制数为-=－119，若理解为BCD数，则该数对应十进制数为89。

7．对下列各组数进行“与”、“或”和“异或”运算。

(1) 1010 1010 和0000 0000 (2)0111 0111 和1000 1000 (3) 1110 1110 和0111 0111 (4)0011 1100 和1111 0000 答：(1) 1010 1010∧0000 0000 = 0000 0000

1010 1010∨0000 0000 = 1010 1010 1010 1010∨0000 0000 = 1010 1010

(2) 0111 0111∧1000 1000 = 0000 0000

0111 0111∨1000 1000 = 1111 1111 0111 0111∨1000 1000 = 1111 1111

(3) 1110 1110∧0111 0111 = 0110 0110 1110 1110∨0111 0111 = 1111 1111 1110 1110∨0111 0111 = 1001 1001

(4) 0011 1100∧1111 0000 = 0011 0000 0011 1100∨1111 0000 = 1111 1100 0011 1100∨1111 0000 = 1100 1100

8．Proteus ISIS的工作界面中包含哪几个窗口？菜单栏中包括哪几个选项？答：Proteus ISIS的工作界面中包含的窗口有：原理图编辑窗口，预览窗口、对象选择窗口。菜单栏中包括的选项有：文件(File)、查看(View)、编辑(Edit)、工具(Tools)、设计(Disign)、图形(Graph)、源文件(Source)、调试(Debug)、库(Library)、模板(Template)、系统(System)、帮助(Help)。

9．利用ISIS模块开发单片机系统需要经过哪几个主要步骤？

答：(1) 启动ISIS；(2) 绘制电路原理图；(3) 输入单片机汇编程序；(4) 进行源代码调试；(5) 仿真运行。

10．何谓PCB？利用ARES模块进行PCB设计需要经过哪几个主要步骤？

答：PCB (Printed Circuit Board)，利用ARES模块进行PCB设计需要经过的主要步骤有：(1) 启动ARES；(2) 元器件布局；(3) 元器件布线；(4) 铺铜；(5)三维效果图；(6) CADCAM输出

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