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被动句： 主语(人/物) + 谓语(及物动词) + by +人 / 物 + 其他 + 状语 (动作的承受者) (be +过去分词) (动作的执行者)

(3) 注意点：

①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如： His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老师给

他一本字典→他得到老师一本字典)

也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老．．师给他一本字典→一本字典由老师送给了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made ．for him by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝→一个风筝由他的父．．亲做给了他)

②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板让．．这个可怜的人一天工作12小时→这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)

③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl‘s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顾小．．．．弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)

④“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如： He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)

He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)

7、动词的非谓语形式：动词不做谓语时的固定形式。

(1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分

词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。 (2)动词不定式：

① 形式：动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只

要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是：“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。*它的被动形式：“to be +过去分词”。*它的完成形式：“to have +过去分词”。 ② 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、

状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。

③ 动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式

短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如：To help animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)

④ 动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。

[A] 及物动词+不定式一般形式： +不定式 谓语动词(vt.) (作宾语) want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) help(帮助) begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) + to (do) (无) [说 明] to可以省略 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大 forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大 如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我现在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜爱在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么时候开始学英语的？)/ Don‘t forget to close the door when you leave.(你离开时别忘了关门

[比较] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了关灯.) (没关)/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) / Please remember to ring me up.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话)

[B] 及物动词+疑问词+不定式： 谓语动词(vt.) +wh-疑问词+不定式 (作宾语) [说明]

tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知what 不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。 道) / ask (问) / find out (发现) / where understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / + how + to (do) learn(学会) / forget(忘记) / remember(记得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商讨) who which …… 如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道该选哪个)/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告诉我怎么样去火车站)/ She asked me what to do for today‘s homework.(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎样上网吗？)

[C] 不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则

后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易)

⑤ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。

[A] 记住下面的一些结构： 被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语) a key a box give her a book Is there any (+名词/代词) It‘s time to lock the door to hold these things to read to (do)? to go. 汉 语 意 思 锁门的钥匙 装这些东西的箱子 给她一本书读 有…要(做的)吗? 是走的时间了。/ 该走了。 Do you have any work I‘d like something I have nothing Would you like something to do? to eat. to say. to drink? 你有工作要做吗? 我要点儿吃的。 我没有话要说。 你要点儿喝的吗？ [B] 在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如： They could not find a place to live in.(他们找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(请给我一张椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了写字的毛笔)

⑥ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况：

[A] 放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish, wait等词)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下来

休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的)

[B] 放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之

后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿)

[C] 有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的)

[注意] stop to do 与stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他们停下

来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容)

⑦ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。如：My job is to keep the

goal.(我的工作就是守住球门)

⑧ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。

谓 语 动 词(vt.) ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / help(帮) +sb. / sth. / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) / make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / +sb. / sth. help(帮助) 如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)/ I would like

you to see my parents.(我想要你见见我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时)/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴)

[注意] help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾

补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较：

I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的

情况)

I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整

个过程)

+ 宾语 (人 / 物) +不定式 (作宾语补足语) +to (do) + (do)

(3)动名词

① 动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被

状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。

② 动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。如：Learning

English all by yourself is not so easy.(自学好英语不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.) ③ 动名词可以作宾语。

[A] want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你

的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理)

[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。如：I

forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了)

[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等词一般用动名词作宾语。如：Do you mind my

closing the door?(把门关上你介意吗？)/ She hates travelling by air.(她讨厌坐飞机旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他们每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜欢在镇上转悠)

[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。如：

We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我们在小学时就开始学英语了)

④ 动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。如：My job is putting

these parts together.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把这些部件拼起来) ．．⑤ 动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主

要表示进行着的动作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语) / Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补)

(4)分词： 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)

① 主要区别：现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思；过去分词有

被动或动 作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。 ② 分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。