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英语和汉语的差异
Synthetic vs．Analytic 综合与分析
English is a synthetic language marked with inflections(曲折变化形式)，while Chinese is an analytic language without any inflection，which is usually implied in the context or explicitly shown in such words as“着、了、过”etc．
Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year． 由于受到这样的鼓励，他们为第二年制订了一个更大胆的计划。 Compact vs．Diffusive 紧凑与松散
English sentences are compact tightly combined with connectives or prepositions，while Chinese is diffused，that is，loose in structure．
Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part，thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer． 现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的便携式微型计算机。
A notion has taken hold in the US to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them． 在美国有一个根深蒂固的观点，说是只有对那些抚养得起子女的人，才应鼓励其生育。 Hypotactic vs．Paratactic 形合与意合
In English．clauses or phrases are coordinated with or subordinated to one another syntactically while in Chinese theY are placed one after another without coordinating connectives．
The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside． 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。
He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession． 他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 Complex vs. Simplex 繁复与简单
English sentences are long and complex，while Chinese sentences are short and simple．For example：
Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quality of the natural product cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement，or，more often，because the physical properties of the synthetic substance．which is the common name for man．made materials，have been chosen．and even emphasized，so that it would be Of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied． 人造材料通称为合成材料。许多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料，这或者是由于天然物产的数量不能满足日益增长的需要，或者是由于人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此，合成材料在其应用领域将具有极大的用途。 Impersonal vs．Personal 物称与人称
There are more impersonal structures in English than in Chinese，as shown in the following examples： ·What has happened to you? 你出了什么事儿啦? ·An idea suddenly struck me． 我突然想到一个主意。 ·A strange peace canle over her when she was alone 她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。 ·Not a sound reached our ears． 我们没有听到任何声音。 ·A great elation overcame them． 他们欣喜若狂。 ·The truth finally dawned on her． 她最终明白了真相。 Passive vs．Active 被动与主动
As we have mentioned in the previous units，the passive voice is extensively used in English，while Chinese sentences are usually active．
A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home． 几年前人们还以为，观众居然能够打电话要求在自己家里的电视屏幕上播出节目是一种稀罕的事情。 Static vs．Dynamic 静态与动态
English is static，with agent nouns being frequently used to replace verbs，while Chinese is dynamic，with more verbs being used in a single sentence． ·He is a good eater and a good sleeper． 他能吃又能睡。 ·You must be a very bad learner；or else you must be going to a very bad teacher． 你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。 Abstract vs．Concrete 抽象与具体
In expressing the same idea English seems more abstract while Chinese，more concrete． ·The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments． 没有消息即表明有令人满意的进展。 ·A high degree of carelessness，pre-operative and post-operative，on the part of some of the hospital staff，took place． 医院某些医护人员在手术前后都非常粗心。 Indirect VS．Direct 间接与直接
Some English sentences seem to be indirect in affirmation while Chinese Sentences are straightforward． ·I couldn’t feel beRer． 我觉得身体好极了。 ·I couldn’t agree with you more． 我太赞成你的看法了。 ·He can’t see you quick enough． 他很想尽快和你见面。 ·If you have a car，you are independent oftrains and buses． 如果你有小汽车，就不用去坐火车或挤公共汽车。
Substitutive VS．Repetitive 替换与重复
Generally speaking，there are not use so many repetitions in English as in Chinese． ·You should help her since you have promised to do so． 你既然答应了要帮助她就应当帮助她。 ·He hated failure；he had conquered it all his life，risen above it，and despised it in others． 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
英汉翻译的技巧
1. 重复法(repetition)
汉语重复,英译时也重复; 根据两种语言各自的习惯用法,以不同的表达方式进行重复,这种重复通常是为了传达原文的生动性.
We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。
Let’s revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace --- but there is no peace. 先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。 Nels had it all written out neatly. 纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。
这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。
What are they after? They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figure. 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。 A large family has its difficulties. 天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊。
The sky is blue, blue; And the steppe wide, wide; Over grass that the wind has battered low; Sheep and oxen roam.
寻寻觅觅,冷冷清请,凄凄惨惨戚戚;乍暖还寒时侯,最难将息。
(译文1）Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare;Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart!
（译文2）I seek but seek in vain, I search and search again;I feel so sad, sodrear, So lonely, without cheer. （许渊冲译）
青青河边草, 郁郁园中柳。
Green grows the grass upon the bank, The willow shoots are long and lank 2. 增译法(amplification)
为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增译法. 增词义增加虚词为多，也可酌量增加实词。英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、语气词等。从增补的功能来看，可以分为结构增补、意义增补和修辞增补。 I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到来。
Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
没有调查研究就没有发言权。
He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 子曰:“学而不思则罔, 思而不学则殆。”
Confucius said: “He who learns without thinking is lost. He who thinks without learning remains puzzled.”
虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
交出翻译之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改的地方. 这样你才能把工作做好。
Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well. 只许州官放火, 不许百姓点灯。
The magistrate are free to burn down houses, while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps. 班门弄斧
Showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。
So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood 3. 减译法(omission)