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1、1994年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) \was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. \ (73)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses .
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 精美译文
新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。（71）他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。（72）新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。 （73）工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。
鼓吹技术第一、天才第二的论据的核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智取自第二世纪的天文学家托勒密;了精心创立的太空体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。（74）伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，
以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。但是，在新学派科学家看来，这件事中真正重要的因素是制造镜片的机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。
联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。（75）政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。 题目解析：
(71 ) 、Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 结构分析：
宾语从句的主句Science // moves forward, // 主句 插入结构they say, // 并列结构1 not so much 原因状语结构through // 多重定语the insights / of great men / of genius // 并列结构2 as 原因状语结构because of // more ordinary things // 举例like / improved techniques and tool. 词义推敲：
move forward：向前发展。
they say：间接引语作插入结构——前置。 they：指代the new school of scientists 技巧：单复数对应：according to – say
not so much... as... 是as ? as ? （和??一样多）的否定形式，理解为：“与其??倒不如??”。
through因为
技巧：not so much... as是个并列结构，也就是说so和as后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词through的意思应该等于because of因为，由于。
the insights / of great men / of genius：天才伟人的真知灼见。多重后置定语——后浪推前浪，从后往前翻译。
insights：the capacity to discern the true nature of a situation; penetration 洞察力；心智的敏锐——真知灼见，远见卓识
genius：天才
more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool这是结构是介词like短语做定语修饰中心词
more ordinary things，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
like：such as
参考译文：
新学派科学家们说，科学之所以发展，与其说是因为天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
得分重点：
插入结构，并列结构，原因状语结构 (72)、 \largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. \
结构分析：
直接引语作宾语从句 介词短语作状语“In short,” // 主句a leader / of the new school // contends, // “直接引语中的主语the scientific revolution, // 插入结构as we call it, 直接引语中的谓语// was largely // 多重定语the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments // 定语从句 主语that // 谓语expanded // the reach / of science // 介词短语作方式状语in innumerable direction.”
词义推敲：
in short 简而言之
a leader of the new school contends：新学派的一位领导人物说/认为 school学派。
contend：to maintain or assert 主张或声称 the scientific revolution：科学革命
revolution：A sudden or momentous change in a situation 大变革在一情况下的突然或瞬时改变
as we call it我们所称之谓的，我们所说的
largely：for the most part; mainly 大部分地；主要地
the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments 一系列器具的改进、发明和使用。
a series of一系列 expand扩大，张开
reach range or scope of influence or effect. 影响力产生影响或效果的范围或领域
参考译文： “简而言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说，“我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而（这些改进、发明和使用 / 这）（使科学发展的范围无所不及 / 使科学发展无所不及 / 在无数方面拓展了科学的领域）。”
得分重点：
插入结构，定语从句，方式状语 (73 )、Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 结构分析：
73) 介词短语作时间状语Over the years, // 主语tools and technology / 反身代词themselves // 后置定语as / 多重定语a source of / fundamental innovation 谓语 // 被动结构have largely been ignored // 方式状语by historians / and philosophers of science. 词义推敲：
over the years 多年来
a source of fundamental innovation：根本革新的源泉
fundamental：of or relating to the foundation or base; elementary 基础的基础或基本的或与此有关的；根本的
innovation：the act of introducing something new 革新介绍新东西的行为 tools and technology...have largely been ignored by ... 很大程度上被忽视 philosophers of science 科学思想家们
参考译文：
多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉（多年来）在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
得分重点：
反身代词，被动结构
(74)、 Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
结构分析：
74) 主句 专有名词Galileo's greatest glory // was // 表语从句that 时间状语in 1609 // 从句主句he // was // the first person // 多重定语to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens // 目的状语to prove // 宾语从句that 并列结构1 主语the planets // 谓语revolve // around the sun // rather than 并列结构2 省略结构（revolve）around the earth. 词义推敲：
Galileo 伽利略——专有名词
greatest glory was that：最伟大的成就是
glory：a highly praiseworthy asset 引以为豪的东西—— 成就，业绩，贡献
that：引导表语从句不做成分，没有实际含义。而汉语又没有这样的形式上的要求，所以不译。
turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens 把新发明的望远镜对准天空turn ? on 转向——对准，观察 to prove that：用以证明，去证明
that 引导宾语从句，既不作成分，也没有实际含义。 rather than而不是
the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth 行星围绕太阳转，而不是围绕地球转
revolve：绕转，旋转
参考译文：
伽利略的最（光辉业绩/伟大的成就）在于（他在1609年/在1609年他是）第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以（证实/证明）行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。
得分重点：
表语从句，宾语从句，专有名词，并列结构
(75)、Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 结构分析：
（75)、并列结构1 主语从句 Whether // 主语the Government // 谓语should increase // 多重定语the financing of / pure science 介词短语作状语结构/ at the expense of / technology // 并列结构2 or // 固定短语vice versa // 状语结构often // 谓语depends on // the issue / of 宾语从句which // （指代关系） 被动结构is seen // as the driving force. 词义推敲：
whether ? or ? 究竟是??还是??
the Government：特指Federal Government。
increase the financing of：增加对??的资金投入 finance：to supply funds to 给?提供资金 pure science 纯理论科学
at the expense of 由??付费，以??为代价 vice versa 反之亦然 relations being reversed
increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology － vice versa （还是通过 / 以减少对纯理论科学的投入而增加对技术的投入 // 还是相反）
the issue of：??问题
issue：a point or matter of discussion, debate, or dispute 争议，辩论争议、争论、争执的要点或事件
of which：它们中的（pure science 和technology中的）哪一个 引导宾语从句，因为：1、which 是宾语从句的主语，而不是定语从句的宾语；2、of which 的结构无法还原到后面的从句；3、which不等于issue，不是定语从句引导词，而是疑问代词。
is seen as：被动结构，可以翻译成主动结构——“把哪一方看成” the driving force 驱动力
参考译文：
政府究竟是以（减少对技术经费的投入/牺牲技术作为代价）来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
得分重点：
主语从句，并列结构，宾语从句，被动结构
2、1995年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed