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容易形成某些特定概念，但与此有别的其他概念则不易形成，因此该语言的使用者思考问题只会沿着这一条道而不会沿着那一条道进行。（65）沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。后来，这种观点成为了知名的萨皮尔—沃夫假说，不过这个术语有点不妥。虽然萨皮尔和沃夫都强调各种语言之间的差异性，但萨皮尔自己从来没有明确地表示过支持语言决定论的观念。

题目解析：

(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 结构分析：

(61) 主句The Greeks // assumed // 宾语从句that 从句的主句the structure of / language // had some connection with // the process of / thought, // 定语从句which // took root in Europe // 时间状语从句long before // people // realized // 宾语从句how diverse // languages // could be. 词义推敲：

The Greeks：希腊人

assume：认为，假设，假定，承担 have connection with：与??有关系

the process of thought思想的过程；思维过程 which：指代前面整句，译作“这个观点”。 took rootin生根；扎根 long before 早在?之前

how diverse 多么的不同；多么的千差万别 diverse：多种多样的，不同的 参考译文：

希腊人（认为/以为），语言结构与思维的过程之间存在着某种联系。（这种想法/这一观点），（早在人们意识到语言会有多么千差万别之前在欧洲就已经根深蒂固了/在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根）。 得分重点：

宾语从句，定语从句，时间状语从句

(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. 结构分析：

(62) 主句We // are obliged to // them // 原因状语从句 because // some of / these languages // have since vanished, // 原因状语从句as // the peoples // 定语从句who // spoke // them // 并列结构1 died out / or 并列结构2 被动结构became assimilated // and lost // their native languages. 词义推敲：

be obliged to sb. 感激某人

them：指代“Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers”，译作“两位先驱”或者“他们”。

have since vanished从那以后就消失了，不复存在了

since 表示 “从此以后”之意 vanish：disappear消失 die out 灭绝

assimilate：吸收，同化

native languages 母语，本民族的语言 参考译文：

我们之所以（感激/感谢）他们（两位先驱），是因为从此以后，这些（土著）语言中(的一部分/有一些）（消失/已经不复存在）了，因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了（自己/本族）的语言。 得分重点：

原因状语从句，定语从句，并列结构，被动结构

(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. 结构分析：

(63) 主句The 前置定语newly described languages // were // 状语结构often // so strikingly different from // 多重定语the well studied languages / of Europe and Southeast Asia // 结果状语从句that some scholars // even accused Boas and Sapir of // fabricating // their data. 词义推敲：

newly described langauges 新描述、研究的语言 so ... that ? 如此?以至于 strikingly different显著的不同 striking：显著的，突出的

the well studied languages经过充分研究的各种语言 accused sb. of sth. 指责／谴责某人作了某事 Boas and Sapir：（人类学语言学家）博厄斯和萨培尔，译作“博厄斯（Boas）和萨培尔（Sapir）”。

fabricating捏造, 伪造, 虚构 参考译文：

这些新近被描述的各种语言与（经过/得到）充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言（是如此的显著的不同/往往差别显著/惊人的差异/很大的不同），以至于一些学者甚至指责（博厄斯/Boas）和（萨培尔/Sapir）（编造/制造/捏造）了（他们的）资料。 得分重点：

结果状语从句，固定短语

(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. 结构分析：

(64) 原因状语Being interested in / the relationship of / language and thought, // 主句Whorf // developed // the idea // 同位语从句that the structure of language // determines // the structure of habitual thought // in a society. 词义推敲：

being interested in ?应增加逻辑主语——Whorf，我们可以翻译为“Whorf对语思维的关系很感兴趣”

Whorf：人名，译作“沃尔夫”，或者不译。 develop与idea搭配，不宜译作“发展”，而译为“形成观点” habitual thought 应译作 “习惯思维” that：引导同位语从句可以译作“即”，“那就是”，或者用冒号、破折号代替。 the structure of habitual thought：习惯思维结构、模式 参考译文：

Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，他逐渐形成了这样一种（观念/观点）：在一个社会里，语言的结构决定了习惯思维结构。 得分重点：

同位语从句，现在分词结构

(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. 结构分析：

(65) 主句Whorf // came to / believe in // a sort of / linguistic determinism // 定语从句 从句的主语which, // 插入结构in // its strongest form, // 谓语states // 宾语从句 并列结构1 that language // imprisons // the mind, // 并列结构2 and that the grammatical patterns / in a language // can produce // far-reaching consequences for / the culture of / a society. 词义推敲：

come to believe开始相信 come to：开始做，碰巧做 a sort of：一种，某种

linguistic determinism语言决定论 linguistic：语言的，语言学的 determinism：?论，?主义

in its strongest form在其最强烈的形式下，其极端形式 imprison the mind禁锢思维 参考译文：

Whorf/沃尔夫（逐渐接受/进而相信）某种（类似）语言决定论的观点；这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。 得分重点：

定语从句，宾语从句，插入结构，并列结构 12、2005年

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.

It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe .The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.

Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.

(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.

In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

精美译文：

来谈论大众媒体在欧洲历史具有压倒性地重要意义的阶段中所起的作用并不是件容易的事。历史和新闻混为一谈，人们的印象往往夹杂着怀疑论和乐观主义。(46)电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。如今组成欧洲的无外乎它的人民，文化和国家身份。明白了这一点，我们可以开始分析欧洲的电视情况。(47)在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。意大利的B集团就是一个例子，同时还有国外的马克斯韦尔和默多克。

显然，只有最大并且机构最灵活的电视公司才有能力完全投入这样一个充满激烈争夺的市场的竞争。(48)这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。

此外，欧洲团体的一体化将迫使电视公司在生产和销售领域更加紧密地合作。

(49)不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们在欧洲制造出适合欧洲的节目战略性选择。而这需要减小我们对北美市场的依赖程度，它们有关经历和文化传统的电视节目和我们的是不同的。

为了完成这些目标，我们必须更加关注合作的作品，新闻的交流，纪录片服务和培训。这同样要求欧洲国家之间协议成立一个处理生产开销必需财政的欧洲银行。在应对如此规模的挑战时，(50)可以毫不夸张地说；“联合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡”。如果我不得不选择一个口号，那将会是“多样性中的联合”。目标统一却注重每个国家不同的特性。

题目解析：

(46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe . 结构分析：

46) 主句Television is one of the means //定语从句by which these feelings （指代关系） 被动结构are created and conveyed – //and perhaps 倒装结构never before has it served 并列结构1// so much to connect different peoples and nations 并列结构2 //as in the recent events in Europe. 词义推敲：

Television is one of the means：电视是??的手段之一； by which：引导定语从句； feelings：感觉、感受； created：引发； conveyed：传递；

it：指代“television”（电视）； peoples：指民族； nations：指国家。 参考译文：

电视是引发和传播这种感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。 得分重点：

定语从句，倒装结构，并列结构

(47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. 结构分析：

47) 地点状语结构In Europe, //插入结构as elsewhere, 主句//multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: 同位语//groups 定语从句//which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses 定语从句//that work in relation to one another. 词义推敲：

multi-media groups：传媒集团，最好不要翻译为多媒体集团 increasingly successful：越来越成功； bring together：把??组合在一起；

work in relation to one another：相关的。 参考译文：

和其它地方一样，欧洲的传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团把相关的电视、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合在一起。

得分重点：

插入语，同位语结构，定语从句

(48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than