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valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. (74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. (75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
精美译文：
科学研究的各种领域的相关发展，存在若干原因。（71）在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求。另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。然而，有些发展速度的差异其原因就不尽合理，这是因为某些权威人干对科学理论研究应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法，这些想法起了改变不同科学领域的发展模式的作用。这是一个新问题，也许并非是不可避免的问题，但其趋势却令人担忧。（72）这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而，人们可以预见，往往会出现一些问题要求科学做出具体的回答。因此，将科研机构视为一种资源或一台机器，应维持其良好的运行状态。这样做通常是很有价值的。（73）给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。
此种资助也与所有政府资助一样，需要决定合适的投资对象。根据某一项目是否有效来做出决策是明确无误的。但是在几个都没有直接效用的项目中，要做出抉择就特别困难。资助机构的目标是支持“好”的科学，而不资助“坏”的科学，那是值得赞扬的。然而要做出正确的抉择却是困难的。人们往往将好科学与该科学是否有能力提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。（74）然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。（75）同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
题目解析：
71 )Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 结构分析：
71) 并列结构1 Some of / these causes // are // completely 多重定语reasonable results / of social needs. 简单句 并列结构2 Others // are // 多重定语reasonable consequences of / particular advances // in science / 分词短语作后置定语being / to some extent / self-accelerating. 词义推敲：
some of these causes：其中一些原因
cause：the producer of an effect, result, or consequence 缘故，原因一种影响、结果或后果的制造者
result：the consequence of a particular action, operation, or course; an outcome 结果，后果一种特殊的行动、运行或过程的结果；结果
others：指代关系。 = other causes 其它原因 reasonable consequences：合理结果，必然结果
consequence：something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition 结果一种行为或情况在逻辑上或自然而然产生的结果
to some extent 在一定程度上 self-accelerating 自我加速
accelerate 加速，促进，增加（数量） 参考译文：
在这些原因中，有些完全是（自然而然地来自社会需求/社会需求的合理结果），另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
得分重点：
并列结构，多重定语
72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
结构分析：
72) 主句This trend // began // 介词短语作时间状语during the Second World War, // 定语从句when // several govemments // came to / the conclusion // 同位语从句that the specific demands // 定语从句that 主语a government // 谓语wants to / make 介词短语作状语结构of // its scientific establishment // 同位语从句的谓语cannot generally 被动结构be foreseen // in detail. 词义推敲：
this trend 这种趋势
when引到定语从句，前面一般有表示时间的名词作先行词。 从句如果是过去时，那么可以译作：“当时”，“其时”； 从句如果是将来时，那么可以译作：“到时”，“届时”。 came to the conclusion 得出了一个结论 that 引导同位语从句
the specific demands 具体要求 make? of? 向??提出
scientific establishment 科研机构
establishment：a public or private institution, such as a hospital or school 私人公共机构一个公共或私人机构，如医院或学校
cannot be forseen 无法预见 in detail 详尽 参考译文：
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。 得分重点：
同位语从句，定语从句，被动结构
73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
结构分析：
73) 主句This // 被动结构seems mostly effectively done // 介词短语作方式状语by supporting // a certain amount / of research // 并列结构1 not related to // immediate goals // 并列结构2 but of possible consequence // 介词短语作时间状语in the future. 词义推敲：
This指代“problem”，这一问题。
mostly effectively done：有效解决。
mostly：generally; usually 普遍地；通常地 done 解决
by doing sth. 通过??，以??
not ? but ? 不是??而是??，没有??但有?? not related to 与??无关
relate：to bring into or link in logical or natural association 使有联系使有逻辑的联系或有自然的联系
immediate goals 当前目标
immediate：of or relating to the present time and place; current 目前的和当时当地有关的；当前的
possible consequence 可能的影响 参考译文：
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持/通过支持某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。 得分重点：
被动结构，并列结构
74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.
结构分析：
74) 状语结构However, // 主句the world // is // so made / 结果状语从句that // elegant systems // are // 介词短语作状语结构in principle // unable to deal with // 多重前置定语some （指代关系）of the world's / more fascinating and delightful aspects. 词义推敲：
the world is so made 直译：世界就是这样构成的；意译：世界就是如此/这样。 so ? that?：如此（以至于）
elegant systems （精美的）完美的/完善的体系 in principle 一般而言 deal with 解决，处理
more fascinating and delightful aspects：更加（引人入胜/吸引人、令人高兴）的课题
fascinating：possessing the power to charm or allure; captivating 魅惑的具有迷人或诱惑的力量；有魅力的
delightful：greatly pleasing 令人高兴的，使人愉快的
aspects 原义是方面，联系上下文译成“课题/问题”
参考译文：
然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加（引人入胜/吸引人、令人高兴）的课题的。 得分重点：
被动结构，结果状语从句，多重定语
74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
结构分析：
75) 主句 并列结构1 New forms of / thought // as well as // 并列结构2 new subjects for / thought // 谓语must arise // 时间状语in the future // 方式状语从句as // they // have 省略结构（arisen） // in the past, // 现在分词作伴随状语giving rise to // new standards of / elegance. 词义推敲：
New forms of thought 新的思维方式 new subjects for thought 新的思维对象 must：必然，必定
as they have in the past：就像过去一样
they：指代“new forms of thought”和“new subjects for thought” giving rise to 给出，产生，带来
new standards of elegance 新的完美的标准
参考译文：
同过去一样，（将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准/新的思维方式和新的思维对象将来必然会出现，产生一个新的完美的标准）。 得分重点：
并列结构，方式状语从句，省略结构
4、1997年
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, groundclearing way to start. (71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”?
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it. (74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. (75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 精美译文：
动物有权力吗?问题通常就是这样提出的。这种提法听起来似乎有助于把问题讲清楚。（71）事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。
诚然，根据对权利的一种看法，必然认为，这只是一种认识，而且是一种有争议的认识。这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利，而且也剥夺了某些人的权利，例如婴儿，他们是不会用脑力来思考问题的未来一代人。此外，谁也不清楚，对于从来就不同意契约的人来说，这项契约又有多少约束力，因为有人要是说“我不喜欢这项契约”，那你又如何作答呢?
问题的症结是，如果人们对人的权利没有一致的看法，那么争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的?（73）这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。这是一处错误的选择。最好换一种更为根本性的提法:我们对待动物的同情感用到关心动物的身上。
许多人否认这种提法。（74）这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的，因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情感用到关心动物的身上。
这种观点认为，折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴。这种看法似乎是大胆的“逻辑推理”。实际上，这种看法是非常肤浅的，因为它逻辑混乱，所以应该摒弃。道德推理的最初级形式，和学习爬行的论理一样，是针对自身利益去权衡他人利益。这就需要同情心和将心比心的想