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// 不定式作状语to maintain // its reign // 介词短语作后置定语as the dominant explanation of / the cosmos.
词义推敲：
the giant （cosmos）clouds 巨大的（宇宙）云 virtually required for：必不可少
virtual：existing or resulting in essence or effect though not in actual fact, form, or name 实质上的，实际上的虽然没有实际的事实、形式或名义，但在实际上或效果上存在或产生的
the Big Bang 大爆炸理论
first put forward 首创的，开始提出的 in the 1920s 二十世纪二十年代
to maintain its reign as 以保持??的地位
maintain：to keep up or carry on; continue 维持或保持；继续 its 指代“the Big Bang”，译作“它的”
reign：dominance or widespread influence 主宰占统治地位的或者广泛的影响 as the dominant explanation of cosmos 作为对宇宙（起源论）的主要解释
dominant：exercising the most influence or control 支配的最有影响的或支配的
参考译文：
巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。
得分重点：
省略结构，被动结构，插入结构
73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
结构分析：
73) 主语Astrophysicists // 分词短语作后置定语working with // 并列结构1 ground-based detectors / 后置定语at the South Pole // and 并列结构2 balloon-borne instruments // 并列结构11 are closing in on // such structures, // 并列结构22 and may report // their findings soon.
词义推敲：
astrophysicist：天体物理学家，天文物理学家 working with 使用，以??为工作手段
ground-based detectors 以地面为基础的探测器，陆基探测器 ground-based = based on the ground ground-bases detectors：陆基探测器 balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器 are closing in on 正越来越近 such structures 云系
findings a conclusion reached after examination or investigation 结果，结论检查或调查后得出的结果。我们可以翻译为观测结果 参考译文：
天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器/使用南极陆基探测器以及球载仪器工作的天体物理学家，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
得分重点：
并列结构，分词短语
74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 结构分析：
74) 条件状语从句If // the small hot spots // look as // 省略结构（they were）expected, // 主句that // will be // a triumph // 介词短语作状语结构for yet another scientific idea, // 同位语结构a refinement of / the Big Bang // 分词短语作后置定语called // the inflationary universe theory. 词义推敲：
the small hot spots 小热点
look as expected = look as they (hot spots) were expected或者look as we (scientists) expected，译作“看上去正如所料”。
triumph：the fact of being victorious; victory or conquest 胜利，得胜胜利的事实，胜利或征服
yet：表示强调，译作“再，还，又”
refinement 更完美，提炼，改进，相当于原文中的“better the called：作后置定语，译作“所谓的??”，“人们称之为??” the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说/理论
inflation：the act of inflating or the state of being inflated 充气充填气体的动作或被充气的状态 参考译文：
假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，（亦称/即所谓的）宇宙膨胀说。 得分重点：
条件状语从句，同位语结构，省略结构
75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
结构分析：
75) 倒装的让步状语从句Odd // though // it sounds, // 并列结构1 省略结构cosmic inflation 省略结构（theory）// is // 多重定语a scientifically plausible consequence / of some respected ideas / in elementary-particle physics, // 并列结构2 and many astrophysicists // 被动结构have been convinced // 时间状语for the better part of a decade // 宾语从句that it // is // true.
参考译文： 得分重点：
词义推敲：
Odd though it sounds：倒装结构。 还原为：though it sounds odd 虽然听似奇特。 odd：奇特，古怪
it 指代“cosmic inflation”（宇宙膨胀说）
cosmic inflation ＝ inflationary universe theory /cosmic inflation theory 宇宙膨胀说
a scientifically plausible consequence / of some respected ideas / in elementary-particle physics：基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。
scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论
in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学，关键词“physics”。 respected ideas 公认的理论，权威理论
plausible：seemingly or apparently valid, likely, or acceptable; credible 看似真实的，看似有道理的看起来或表面上正确的、可能的或可接受的；可靠的
convince：to bring by the use of argument or evidence to firm belief or a course of action 说服通过进行辩论或者提供证据使?确信或使?采取某种行为
for the better part of a decade 七八年来 better = greater大部分 参考译文：
宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为（这一论说/宇宙膨胀说）是正确的。 得分重点：
倒装结构，让步状语从句，并列结构，被动结构，宾语从句，多重定语结构
6、1999年
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.
(71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process .
(72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a
discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. (73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. (74 )There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of \method , \the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.( 75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 精美译文：
（71）几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。由于受时间和地点的限制，每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对其有重要价值。在这种探索中所发现的证据总是不完整的、零碎的，而且常常是有偏见的或带有派别意识的。实际从事历史研究的人总是知道，他们的努力只不过是为永无止境的探索过程添砖加瓦，这就使其工作颇具讽刺意味。
（72）人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似性，但新兴的社会科学似乎为人们提出新问题和提供了解过去的有效途径开辟了更为广阔的天地。社会科学研究的方法必须改变以适应这样一条指导，即以史料为基础，而不是为当代社会之需。（73）在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
在历史学界，方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。（74）所谓方法论究竟是指一般的历史研究研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。史学家，尤其是那些局限于他们的研究兴趣，以致被指责为“单方同研究法”的史学家，常常成了“单纯技术方法论”的牺牲品。这种谬论在自然科学领域里也是屡见不鲜的，它错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来。（75）这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论;后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。 题目解析：
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 结构分析：
71) 让步状语从句While // there // are // almost 并列结构1 as many // definitions of history // 并列结构2 as // there // are // historians, // 主句modern practice // most closely conforms to // one // （指代关系） 定语从句that // sees history as // the attempt // 多重定语to recreate / and 省略结构（to）explain // the 前置定语significant events / 介词短语作后置定语of the past. 词义推敲：
While 虽然，尽管
as many ? as ? 和??一样多，多达?? modern practice 现代实践
practice：a habitual or customary action or way of doing something 习惯习惯性或惯例性的行为或办事方式
most closely conforms to 最符合于
conform：to correspond in form or character; be similar 一致在形式或特征上相符；相似
one：指代“definition”，译作“一个定义”。 attempt：an effort or a try 企图或努力
to recreate 再现，重现（不能说重新创造历史） events 事件，结合上下文引申为史实 参考译文：
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代实践最符合其中一个定义，这个定义把历史学看来是试图再现和解释过去的重大历史事件. 得分重点
让步状语从句，并列结构，定语从句，省略结构
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 结构分析：
72) 主语Interest // 多重定语in historical methods // 谓语has arisen // 并列结构1 less through // 多重定语external challenge / to the validity of / history / as an intellectual discipline // 并列结构2 and more from // 多重定语internal quarrels / among historians themselves （指代关系）. 词义推敲：
Interest in historical methods （人们）对历史（研究）方法的关注（兴趣） less through ? and more from ? “更少是通过??更多是来自??”没有“与其说是因为??不如说是因为??”好。
through 和from意思相同 external：外部的，客观的
challenge：a demand for explanation or justification; a calling into question 质疑要求解释或证明为正当；质疑
validity 真实性，正确性，效度 reliability信度
as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问/学科
intellectual：appealing to or engaging the intellect 知性的需用或使用智力的 discipline：a branch of knowledge or teaching 学科；科目知识或教学的分支 internal quarrels 内部意见不统一，内部分歧 参考译文：
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问/与其说是因为外部对于历史作为一门只是学科有效性的质疑，还不如说是因为历史学家自己内部的争论。
得分重点