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并列结构，多重定语
73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 结构分析：
73) 状语结构During // this transfer, // 主句traditional historical methods // 被动结构were augmented // by 多重定语additional methodologies / designed to interpret / the new forms of / evidence / 介词短语作后置定语in the historical study. 词义推敲：
this transfer：这个转变。
transfer：(instance of) transferring or being transferred 转移，调动，转变 were augmented by：增加了 augment 充实，补充
additional methodologies 新方法 methodology：方法，方法论 designed to用来/旨在
the new forms of evidence 新的证据形式，根据上下文意译为在历史学研究中的新史料
in the historical study 在研究历史时
参考译文：
在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。 得分重点
被动结构
74 )There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 结构分析：
74 ) 主句There // is // no agreement // 状语从句whether // methodology // 并列结构1 refers to // 多重定语the concepts / peculiar to / historical work / in general // 并列结构2 or // 省略结构（refers）to // 多重定语the research techniques / appropriate to / the various branches of / historical inquiry. 词义推敲：
there is no agreement 人们尚未达成一致意见 agreement 统一的意见，一致看法
whether... or ... 究竟是??还是?? refer to 指
the concepts / peculiar to / historical work / in genera多重后置定语——后浪推前浪。我们翻译为: 一般的历史研究中的特有概念
the research techniques / appropriate to / the various branches of / historical inquiry：重后置定语——后浪推前浪。我们翻译为:历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段
the research techniques 研究手段、手段
historical inquiry 历史探究 the various branches 各个领域 appropriate to 适用于，合适于 参考译文：
所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一/人们没有一致意见。 得分重点
并列结构，状语从句，省略结构，多重定语
75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 结构分析：
75) 主句It // applies equally 并列结构1 to // traditional historians // 定语从句who （指代关系） // view history as // only the external and intemal criticism of / sources, // 并列结构2 and 省略结构（applies）to // social science historians // 定语从句who // equate their 省略结构（research）activity with // specific techniques. 词义推敲：
It指示代词，联系上下文可以看出是指“technicist fallacy”（这种谬论）。 apply to 适用于
traditional historians 传统历史学家，历史传统派 view history as 把历史看作是 sources 源泉，引申为史料来源
social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派 their activity 活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究 equate... with 把??等同于，认为??是 specific techniques 具体方法 参考译文：
这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；（前者/历史传统派）认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，（后者/历史社科派）认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
得分重点
并列结构，定语从句，省略结构
7、2000年
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly no ASWER SHEET2.
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.(71)Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.(72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, of in they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
(73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example.(74)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization---with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed--was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.(75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
精美译文：
世界各国政府都认为，人民的幸福主要依赖于社会的经济实力和财富。（71）在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。（72）再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这就意味着，各国政府得越来越多地干预这些部门以便提高产量并确保产品会得到最好的利用。例如，政府可以用各种方法来鼓励研究，其中包括建立自己的研究中心;政府可以改革教育结构，或以政府干预来减少自然资源的消费量、开发迄今未被利用的资源;或者政府可以在日益增加的与科学、经济学和工业有关的项目中直接进行协作。无论如何，所有这些政府干预主要有赖于科学方面的咨询和各种类型的科技人才。
（73）大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。而同时，全世界的正常的社会变革速度与过去相比大大加快了。（74）在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右就可能完成这个过程。（75）由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。由于这些因素的结果，政府正越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会科学家来安排适当的规划，并付诸实施。 题目解析：
71)Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 结构分析：
71) 状语结构Under // modern conditions, // 主句this // 并列结构1requires // varying measures of / centralized control // 并列结构2and hence // 省略结构（requires）the help of / specialized scientists // 举例such as / economists and operational research experts. 词义推敲：
under modern conditions 在现代条件下 requires 需要
varying measures (程度)不同的措施
centralized control 中央控制，中央调控 and hence 因而，从而
specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家
operational research experts 运营研究专家，运筹学家 参考译文：
在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。 得分重点：
并列结构，省略结构，
72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 结构分析：
72) 状语结构Furthermore // 主句 形式主语it // is // obvious // 并列结构1 that the strength of / a country's economy // 被动结构is directly bound up with // the efficiency of / its agriculture and industry, // 并列结构2 and that this // in turn // 固定短语rests upon // the efforts of / scientists and technologists / of all kinds. 词义推敲：
Furthermore 再者，另外，此外，而且
It is obvious that (固定译法)显而易见的是
the strength of a country's economy 一个国家的经济实力 is directly bound up with 与??直接(密切)相关 bound 原形为bind, 绑, 镶边, 装订, 凝固, 约束
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率 this指代前面的宾语中心词efficiency。 in turn 反过来
rests upon 有赖于，取决于
scientists and technologists of all kinds 各种各样的科技人员 参考译文：
再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。 得分重点：
形式主语，并列结构，被动结构，固定短语rest upon
73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. 结构分析：
73) 原因状语Owing to // 多重定语the remarkable development / in mass-communications, // 主语people everywhere // 谓语 并列结构1 are feeling // new wants // 并列结构2 and 被动结构are being exposed to // new customs and ideas, // 状语从句while // governments // 被动结构are often forced to / introduce // still further innovations // 原因状语for the reasons given above. 词义推敲：
owing to 因为，由于
remarkable development 显著发展
mass-communications 大众通讯，大众媒体 people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人 new wants 新的需求
being exposed to 接触到，感受到，我们最好不要说“被暴露于” customs and ideas 习俗和思想 while：表转折、对比，译作“因而”。 be forced to 不得不
introduce 推出，采取，施行
for the reasons given above 由于上述原因，基于以上原因 参考译文：
由于大众通讯的显著发展/大众通讯的显著发展使得，各地的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常不得不推出更多的革新/各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。 得分重点：
被动结构，并列结构
74)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 结构分析：
74) 状语结构in the early industrialized countries of Europe // 主语the process of industrialization // – 插入结构with // all the far-reaching changes // in social patterns // 定语从句that followed – // 谓语 被动结构was spread // over nearly a century, // 对比状语从句whereas // nowadays // a developing nation // may undergo // the same process // 时间状语in a decade or so. 词义推敲：
industrialized countries （实现）工业化国家
the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程 with ...that followed 随??而来的，以及
that followed：修饰“changes”而不是“social patterns”。译作“随后发生的”。 far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化 social patterns 社会结构