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3．空格在句尾：

（1）物 + need, want, deserve, demand, require + doing( = to be done ) The blackboard needs cleaning. = The blackboard needs to be cleaned. （2）参考使役动词make; let; get; have 的用法

Sb(1) makes sb(2) do 前面的人让/叫/使后面的人做某事 Mr. Chen makes us do English exercise.

Sb(1) makes sb(2) doing 前面的人让/叫/使后面的人一直做某事（有前提条件，表示抱怨或发牢骚）

Mr. Chen is too strict on our English study and he always makes us doing English exercise.

Sb(2) is made to do某人被让/叫/使去做某事 We are made to do English exercise.

Sb makes oneself / one’s point done某人让/叫/使自己或自己的话/观点让别人听懂

Mr. Chen speaks English slowly in order to make himself understood in the class. Sb makes sth done某人把/让/叫/使某事给别人做 I have my hair cut.

Sb has done sth某人已经做完了某事 I have cut my hair.

（3）不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。

I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。 There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。 I find a house to live in. I get a chair to sit on. 三、独立主谓结构：

和以上所有句子只有一个逻辑主语不同，独立主谓结构有两个不同的主语。

Weather permitting, we go out to have a picnic.= If the weather permits, we go out to have a picnic.

Work done, I had a rest. = After the work had been done, I had a rest. Class being over, I went home. = Because the class was over, I went home. Kate being ill, I came to replace her position. = Because Kate was ill, I came to replace her position.

Time ________, I’ll go on a picnic with you this Sunday.

A. permits B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting 更多例子：

①All things considered, he is a fairly good teacher of English. ②Spring having come, the trees begin to turn green.

③There being no pen, I had to write the letter with a pencil.

④We had to stay indoors instead of playing outside, it raining very hard. （注意：不要把后半部分写成一个句子：it was raining very hard.在这种情况下，前后句之间就必须加上连词and。）

⑤Breakfast over, my father went to his office.

⑥The summer vacation being over, John returned to school from his hometown.