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Unit2 Gender Issues
Men turn to jobs women usually do
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HOUSTON - Over the last decade, American men of all backgrounds have begun flocking to fields such as teaching, nursing and waiting tables that have long been the province of 7.
women.
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\that a woman can do, a guy can do,\Alquicira, who graduated from high school when construction and manufacturing jobs were scarce and became a dental assistant.
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The trend began well before the crash, and appears to be driven by a variety of factors, including financial concerns, quality-of-life issues and a gradual erosion of gender stereotypes.
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In interviews, about two dozen men played down the economic considerations, saying that the stigma associated with choosing such jobs had faded, and that the jobs were appealing not just because they offered stable employment, but because they were more satisfying.
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\is just killing viruses and clearing paper jams all day,\information technology and other fields before becoming a nurse in the pediatric intensive care unit at Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital in Houston.
6. An analysis of United States census data by The
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New York Times shows that from 2000 to 2010, occupations that are more than 70 percent female accounted for almost a third of all job growth for men, double the share of the previous decade.
That does not mean that men are displacing women - those same jobs accounted for almost two-thirds of women's job growth. But in Texas, for example, the number of men who are registered nurses nearly doubled in that time period.
The shift includes low-wage jobs as well. Nationally, two-thirds more men were bank tellers, almost twice as many were receptionists and two-thirds more were waiting tables in 2010 than a decade earlier.
Even more striking is the type of men who are making the shift. From 1970 to 1990, according to a study by Mary Gatta, senior scholar at Wider Opportunities for Women, an organization based in Washington, D.C., and Patricia A. Roos, a sociologist at Rutgers University in New Jersey, men who took so-called pink-collar jobs tended to be foreign-born, non-English speakers with low education levels.
Now, though, the trend has spread among men of nearly all races and ages, more than a third of whom have a college degree. In fact, the shift is most pronounced among young, white, college-educated men like Charles Reed, a sixth-grade math teacher at Patrick Henry Middle School in Houston.
Mr. Reed, 25, intended to go to law school after a
two-year stint with Teach for America, a national teacher corps of recent college graduates who spend two years helping under-resourced urban and rural public schools. But Mr. Reed fell in love with teaching. He says the recession had little to do with it, though he believes that, by limiting prospects for new law school graduates, it made his father, a lawyer, more accepting.
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His starting salary will be two thirds lower, but database consulting does not typically earn hugs like the one Mr. Cook received from a girl after he took care of her premature baby sister. \like, people get paid for doing this kind of stuff?\Mr. Cook said, tears coming to his eyes as he recounted the episode.
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Several men cited the same reasons for seeking 12.
To the extent that the shift to \work\has been accelerated by recession, the change may reverse when the economy recovers. \boys today saying, 'I want to grow up and be a nurse?'\asked Heather Boushey, senior economist at the Center for American Progress. \recession-proof?'\
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Daniel Wilden, a 26-year-old Army veteran and nursing student, said he had gained respect for 18.nursing when he saw a female medic use a Leatherman tool to save the life of his comrade. \
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More than a few men said their new jobs were far harder than they imagined. But these men can expect success. Men earn more than women even in female-dominated jobs. And white men in particular who enter those fields easily move up to supervisory positions, a phenomenon known as the glass escalator, said Adia Harvey Wingfield, a sociologist at Georgia State 19.University.
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\John Cook, 55, who got a modest inheritance that let him drop a $150,000-a-year database consultant's job to enter nursing school.
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out pink-collar work that have drawn women to such careers: less stress and more time at home. At John G. Osborne Elementary School, Adrian Ortiz, 42, joked that he was one of the few Mexicans who made more in his native country, where he was a hard-working lawyer, than he did in the United States as a kindergarten teacher in a bilingual classroom. \he said, \priorities are family, 100 percent.\
Betsey Stevenson, a labor economist at the University of Pennsylvania, said she was not surprised that changing gender roles at home, where studies show men are shouldering more of the domestic burden, are showing up in career choices. \tend to study these patterns of what's going on in the family and what's going on in the workplace as separate, but they're very much intertwined,\the family change, attitudes toward the workplace have changed.\
In a classroom at Houston Community College, Dexter Rodriguez, 35, said his job in tech support had not been threatened by the tough economy. Nonetheless, he said, his family downsized the house, traded the new cars for used ones and began to live off savings, all so Mr. Rodriguez could train for a career he regarded as more exciting.
\put myself into the recession,\he said,
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Unit3 E-Commerce The Post-Cash Economy
1. In London, travelers can buy train tickets with
their phones - and hold up the phones for the conductor to see. And in Starbucks coffee shops in the United States, customers can wave their phones in front of the cash register and pay for their soy chai lattes.
2. Money is not what it used to be, thanks to the
6.Internet. And the pocketbook may soon be destined for the dustbin of history - at least if some technology companies get their way.
3. The cellphone increasingly contains the
essentials of what we need to make transactions. \and personal items,\Hal Varian, the chief economist at Google, pointed out in a new survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in Washington, D.C. \this will easily fit in your mobile device and will inevitably do so.\
7.4. The phone holds and records plenty more vital
information: It keeps track of where you are, what you like and who your peers are. That data can all be leveraged to sell you things you never knew you needed.
8.5. The survey, released last month by the Pew
Research Center's Internet and American Life Project along with Elon University's Imagining the Internet Center in North Carolina, asked just
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over 1,000 technologists and social scientists to opine on the future of the wallet in 2020. Nearly two-thirds agreed that \have mostly disappeared\\devices able to carry out a transaction. But a third of the survey respondents countered that consumers would fear for the security of transactions over a mobile device and worry about surrendering so much data about their purchasing habits.
Sometimes, those with fewer options are the
ones to embrace change the fastest. In Kenya, a service called M-Pesa (pesa is money in Swahili) acts like a banking system for those who may not have a bank account. With a rudimentary cellphone, M-Pesa users can send and receive money through a network of money agents, including cellphone shops. And in India, several phone carriers allow their customers to pay utility bills and transfer small amounts of money over their cellphones.
Several technology companies, big and small,
are busy trying to make it easier for us to buy and sell all kinds of things without our wallets. A start-up,WePay, describes itself as a service that allows the smallest merchant - say, a dog walker - to get paid; the company verifies the reputations of payers and sellers by analyzing, among other things, their Facebook accounts.
A British start-up, called Blockchain, offers a
free iPhone application allowing customers to use a crypto-currency called bitcoins, which users can mint on their computers.