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摘要

随着以常规能源为基础的能源结构随着资源的不断耗用将越来越适应可持续发展的需要，包括太阳能在内的可再生资源将会越来越受到人们的重视。利用洁净的太阳光能，以半导体光生伏打效应为基础的光伏发电技术有这十分广阔的应用前景。

本设计尝试设计一种能够自动跟踪太阳光照射角度的双轴自动跟踪系统以提高太阳能电池的光-电转化率。该系统是以单片机为核心，利用太阳轨道公式进行太阳高度角及方位角计算，并利用计时芯片以及步进电机驱动双轴跟踪系统，使太阳能电池板始终垂直于太阳入射光线，从而提高太阳能的吸收效率。

目前本设计仅通过简单的计算公式得到的数据，对东西向进行每小时一次的角度改变，南北向进行每天一次的角度改变，再通过单片机的判断进行每晚的东西向回归控制以及每半年的南北向跟踪方向的改变控制。

由于时间及作者目前的知识限制，跟踪系统只是进行粗略的角度跟踪，有较大误差，今后如有机会再进行改进。

关键词：太阳能电池 太阳照射角 自动跟踪 单片机 步进电机

Abstract

With the conventinuous consumption of resources , the conventional enenrgy-based energt strcucture has not already more and more adapt to the needs for sustainable development,sppeing-up the development of and utilization of solar energy , the photovoltaic technology based on the photovoltaic effect has a very bord application prospect.

In the design , we try to design an automatic tracking system with Biaxial in order to enhance solar light - electricity conversion efficiency. The system is based on single-chip, orbit the sun elevation angle formula using the sun and calculating azimuth and take the time chip advantage of dual-axis stepper motor driven tracking system, make the solar panels perpendicular to the solar incidence line, to improve the absorption efficiency of solar energy.

At present, the design of a simple formula was only for calculating the data, the east-west to the point of view will be changed once an hour, the north-outh perspective will be changed once a day, and then the MCU to return to control things through the night to determine, as well as every haif a year to track the direction of the north-south change in control.

Because of the time and the current limitations of the knowledge of the author’s , the tracking system to track the point of view is rough , there are many errors , if the opportunity arised the design will be iomproved in the future.

Keywords: solar cells Inrradiation angle of sun tracking automatically single-chip Stepping motor

目录

第一章 绪论 ................................................. 5

1.1背景和意义 .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2太阳追踪系统的国内外研究现状 .................................................................................. 5

1.2.1光电追踪 ................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.2视日运动轨迹追踪 ............................................................................................................... 6

1.3论文系统设计方案 .................................................................................................................. 8

1.3.1机械运动实现方案 ............................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2控制系统方案 ........................................................................................................................ 9

第二章 跟踪系统的设计构想及框架 ......................................... 10

2.1 跟踪系统的设计要求 ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2 跟踪系统的组成 .................................................................................................................... 10

2.1.1.太阳能采集装置 ...................................................................................................................11 2.1.2.转向机构 ................................................................................................................................11 2.1.3.控制部分 ................................................................................................................................11 2.1.4.贮能装置 ............................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.5.逆变器 .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.6.控制器 .................................................................................................................................... 13

2.3 太阳照射规律 ......................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。

2.3.1.地球围绕太阳的运行规律................................................................ 错误！未定义书签。 2.3.2.太阳高度角和方位角的确定 ........................................................... 错误！未定义书签。

第三章 机械部分设计 ........................................ 14

3.1整体框架的设计 ..................................................................................................................... 14 3.2 减速装置的选型 .................................................................................................................... 15 3.3驱动电机的选型 ..................................................................................................................... 16 3.4支撑架设计 ................................................................................................................................ 17 3.5机械结构的整体布局 ........................................................................................................... 18

第四章 控制部分的设计 ....................................................... 20

4.1 整体电路图的设计 ............................................................................................................... 20 4.2辅助电路最小理论值 ........................................................................................................... 20

4.2.1振荡电路 ............................................................................................................................... 20