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Unit 1 text Organization

\■■■■ ■Paragraphs' ■ - Part One Paras 1-2 ' Main Ideas Introduction — Both Napoleon's and Hitler's military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter. Part Two Part Three Part Four 2. Sections Section One Paragraphs Paras 12-13 Main Ideas Hitler's blitzkrieg against Russia and Stalin's scorched earth policy Section Two Section Three Paras 14-18 Paras 19-20 the battles fought at Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad the Russian counter-offensive and the outcome of the war Paras 3-11 Paras 12-20 Para 21 Napoleon's military campaign against Russia Hitler's military campaign against the Soviet Union Conclusion—The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Vocabulary I. 1. 1) alliance 3) stroke 5) minus 7) declarations 4) limp 6) regions 8) siege 2) at the cost of 9) raw 11) have taken their toll 2. 1) is faced with 5) get by 10) bide his time 12) in the case of 2) get bogged down 6) dine out 3) is pressing on / pressed on 4) drag on 7) have cut back 8) get through 3. 1) The rapid advance in gene therapy may lead to the conquest of cancer in the near future. 2) Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials due to the dock workers’ strike. 3) Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interests will/should never get in the way of her career. 4) Obviously the reporter's question caught the foreign minister off guard. 5) The introduction of the electronic calculator has rendered the slide rule out of date / obsolete 废弃的 . 4. 1) Being faced with an enemy forces much superior to ours, we had to give up the occupation of big cities and retreat to the rural and mountainous regions to build up our bases. 2) Unity is crucial to the efficient operation of an organization. Failure to reckon with this problem will weaken its strength. In many cases, work may be brought to a halt by constant internal struggle in an organization. 3) The Red Army fought a heroic battle at Stalingrad and won the decisive victory against the Germans. In fact, this battle turned the tide in the Second World War. During this famous battle, the Soviet troops withstood the German siege and weakened the German army by launching a series of counterattacks. II. More Synonyms in Context

1) During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas. Some of the

most dramatic fighting took place in the gloomy trenches of France and Belgium. 2) Elizabeth made careful preparations for the interview and her efforts / homework paid off.

3)1 spent hours trying to talk him into accepting the settlement, but he turned a deaf ear to all my words.

4) Pneumonia had severely weakened her body, and I wondered how her fragile body could withstand the harsh weather.

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III. Usage

1) But often it is not until we fall ill that we finally learn to appreciate good health. 2) A rich old lady lay dead at home for two weeks—and nobody knew anything about it.

3) It's said he dropped dead from a heart attack when he was at work 1) Don't sit too close to the fire to keep warm—you could easily get burned, especially if you fall asleep.

4) In those days people believed in marrying young and having children early.

5) Little Tom was unable to sit still for longer than a few minutes.

■ Structure

1. 1) To his great delight, Dr. Deng discovered two genes in wild rice that can increase the yield by

30 percent.

2) To her great relief, her daughter had left the building before it collapsed.

3) To our disappointment, our women's team lost out to the North Koreans. 4) We think, much to our regret, that we will not be able to visit you during the coming Christmas. 2. 1) These birds nest in the vast swamps (which lie to the) east of the Nile. 2) By 1948, the People's Liberation Army had gained control of the vast areas north of the Yangtze River.

3) Michelle was born in a small village in the north of France, but came to live in the United States at the age of four. ■ 4) The Columbia River rises in western Canada and continues/runs through the United States for

about 1,900 kilometers west of the Rocky Mountains. Comprehensive Exercises I. Cloze (A)

1. invasion 3. Conquest 5. launching 7. campaign 9. reckon with

2. stand in the way 4. catching... off his guard 6. declaration 8. drag on 10. bringing...to a

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(B)

1. allow 3. highly 5. rapidly 7. delivery 9. observing

2. reckoned 4. forecasts 6. instant 8. advantage 10. Powerful