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be certain that –clause be certain of sth be certain to do sth .

make certain (of) 弄明白，确定

eg: a) Certain plants are good to eat but others are not .

(某些植物好吃，而另一些则不好吃。)

b) It is certain that the moon goes round the earth. ( 毫无疑问，月亮绕着地球旋转。) c) He is certain to come. ( 他肯定会来。)

d) Make certain of the rumor. (弄清楚这个谣言是怎么回事。) ▲ 注意：a certain ,a与 some 某一

a certain 表示已知但未加说明的人或物，可修饰单数复数名词或人名 some表示不确切的或说话人不愿意具体说明的人或事物，后一般不接人名 a 后常跟人名，―一个叫…的人‖

eg : a) He didn’t attend the party for a certain reason .

(由于某种原因他未参加晚会。)

b)A certain Mr Brown telephoned while you were out. (你不在家时有位布朗先生来过电话。) c) Some man at the door is asking to see you. (门口有位男子要见你。)

d) A Mr Smith is waiting for you at the door. (一位名叫史密斯的先生在门口等你。)

8. It shows the importance of wildlife protection,but I’d like to help as the WWF suggests.(这表明了野

生动物保护的重要性，不过我想按照世界野生动物基金会的建议来帮助你们。) ① as conj （在句中引导方式状语）按照，正如…那样，像…一样 eg : a) When in Rome, do as Romans do.

(入乡随俗)

b) You must do everything as I do. (你必须照着我做的来做每一件事。)

② suggest

▲ ⑴建议(to mention an idea)后接名词，动名词短语或that从句(用虚拟语气insist ,order ,command ,require ,request etc.)。 eg: She suggested going to the zoo with the child .

(她建议带着孩子去动物园。) eg: (他建议我们把工作放到明天做。)

He suggested (that) we (should) leave the work till the next day. (从句要用虚拟语气。) He suggested our leaving the work till the next day.

He suggested to us to leave the work till the next day.(后接to sb时，后面可接不定式。) ▲ ⑵ 暗示，表明 (bring sth to mind ) (从句用陈述语气) eg: His work suggests that he is a careful man .

(他的工作说明他是一个细心的人。)

The look on his face suggested that he was unhappy. (他脸上的表情说明了他不高兴。)

9. A monkey watched them as it rubbed itself.

(一只猴子一边擦身体，一边望着他们。) ① as 在……的时候，当……，引导时间状语从句 eg: ―I’ll call you up any time.‖ He said as he left home.

(离家时他说，我随时打电话给你。)

10. What an experience ! 这是一次多么奇妙的经历啊。

感叹句的构成：

⑴What + a/an +adj +单数可数n + 主语 + 谓语 eg: What an important meeting it is !

(多么重要的一次会议啊！)

⑵What + adj +复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语

eg: What beautiful flowers these are ! (这些花多漂亮啊！)

⑶What + adj +不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语 eg: What great progress he has made !

(他取得了多么打的进步啊！) ⑷How +adj /adv + 主语 + 谓语 eg: How high the mountain is !

(这山多高啊！)

⑸How + adj +a /an + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语 eg: How clever a boy he is !

(多么聪明的孩子啊！) What a clever boy he is! (多么聪明的孩子啊！)

Using language ：

1. They lived on the earth tens of millions of years ago, long before humans came into being and their

future seemed secure at that time.

千百万年前，恐龙就在地球上生活，比人类的出现要早得多，当时他们的前景好像也很安全。 ① long before 在……之前很久 before long 不久以后 eg: I knew Smith long before I knew you .

(我在认识你之前很早久认识史密斯了)

eg: It looks as though it will snow before long .

(看上去好像过一会儿要下雪。)

2. When scientists inspected the bones, they were surprised to find that these dinosaurs could not

only run like the others but also climb trees .

当科学家们检查这些恐龙骨时，他们惊奇地发现他们不仅能像其他恐龙那样奔跑，还能爬树。 ⑴they were surprised to find 是主语 +be +adj +to do 结构，这一结构中的形容词往往是表示心理活动的，接不定式时，不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语，主动要用to do ,被动用to be done eg: I’m so glad to meet you here . (很高兴在此遇见你。)

⑵主语 + be + adj + to have done 强调动作完成或早在过去发生。 eg: John was surprised to have received such an invitation .

(收到这样一份请柬，约翰感到吃惊。)

⑶主语 + be + adj 后面可接从句

eg: The teacher was angry that all the students had made the same mistake . (老师很生气所有的学生犯了相同的错误。)

3. Some scientists think it came after an unexpected incident when a huge rock from space hit the earth and put too much dust into the air.

(有些科学家认为恐龙灭绝是发生在一件意外事故之后，当时宇宙间一块巨石击中地球因而在空气中扬起太多的尘土。) hit (hit , hit)

⑴ 碰，撞，打，击中(脑袋撞在某物上，一般说hit one’s head on /against sth .) eg: She hit her head against the wall as she fell . (她倒下时，头撞在了墙上。) The bullet hit him in the chest.

(子弹击中了他的胸膛。)

⑵ hit可引申为使遭受（自然灾害，损失，痛苦等。） eg: A powerful earthquake hit the city . (这座城市遭受了一次强烈地震) ⑶ hit还引申为猜中，达到，碰到。 eg: You have hit it . (你猜中了。) The new train can hit 120 mph.

(这种新型火车时速可达120英里。)

The idea hit me when I woke up this morning. (今天早上我醒来，突然产生了这个想法。)

注意：beat也有打，击之意，但多指反复的击打，并可表示心脏的，脉搏的跳动，打败对方等意思，而hit则无此意。

eg: The rain was beating on the windows .

(雨点敲打着窗子。)

His heart was beating fast at the news.

(听到这消息，他的心跳得很快。)

Grammar：

现在进行时的被动语态 一? 基本结构

1. 肯定形式:―助动词be(am/is/are) + being + 过去分词‖,其中的is, am, are表明谓语动词的动作发生的时间为现在,并随着作主语的名词(代词)的人称和数的不同而使用其中的某一个形式; being done则表示正在进行的被动动作?例如:

The bridge over the river is being rebuilt. (这条河上的桥正在重建? )

2. 否定形式:把否定词not放在助动词be(am/is/are)之后,

即:―be(am/is/are) + not + being + 过去分词‖?如有多个助动词,则not放在第一个助动词之后?例如: The room is not being cleaned now. (现在没人打扫房间? )

3. 一般疑问句形式:把助动词be(am/is/are)移到句首并大写首字母,句末加问号,即:―Be(Am/Is/Are) + 主语 + being + 过去分词?‖?例如: Is your house being painted? (你的房子正在粉刷吗？)

4. 特殊疑问句形式:多数情况下,其构成方法是把疑问代词或疑问副词直接加在一般疑问句之前,具体情况可分为以下三种:

① ―疑问代词(作主语) + is being + 过去分词 + 其他?‖?例如: What is being done on the life of pandas? (正在采取什么措施保护大熊猫的生命? )

② ―疑问代词(作定语) + 名词 +is/are being + 过去分词 + 其他?‖?例如: Whose buildings are being built in the town? (城里正在建谁的楼房? )

③ ―疑问副词 + is/are + 主语+ being + 过去分词 + 其他?‖?例如: Where is the elk being studied by scientists?