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美国文学重点整理

美国文学题型：

1.60分三篇小说，三个诗歌，作者，出处，作品分析 2.20分名词解释 3.20分论述

1. 20世纪美国文学发展的经济背景

关键词：

Urbanization（new farm machines, rising productivity, rising leisure time） Industrialization(electric lights, camera, telephone, radio, type writer) Commercialization Globalization.

Philosophy: Schopenhauer叔本华 Nietzsche 尼采 Jean Paul Freud

补充：Fitzgerald：tender is the night, all the sad young man, the rich boy, 2. What is Lost Generation?

①It is a term to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers who fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and to seek the bohemian lifestyle in Paris.

②It is full of youthful idealism, seeking the meaning of life, drank excessively, have love affairs,creating some of the finest American literature to date.

③American poet Gertrude Stein coined this expression, speaking to Hemingway, she said, you are all a lost generation.the term stuck the mystique surrounding these individuals continues to fancy us.

④Main representatives: F. Scott.Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos 3. What is modernism? Main features.

A cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance,painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20century, particularly in the years following WWI. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historic tradition, and embraced the new economic ,social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.

The avant-garde movements that followed including impressionism, post-impressionism, cubism（立体主义）, futurism, expressionism, contructivism（构

成主义） are generally defined as modernism .

4. The Great Gatsby 作者： F. Scott Fitzgerald

男女主人公：Jay Gatsby & Daisy Fay Buchanan Why is Gatsby great? Why did he die?

His flaws in characteristics: Naive,innocent, ideal 正是因为美国社会缺乏盖茨比精神，社会不重视精神世界的充实，人们经历spiritual emptiness, 所以盖茨比伟大。Post-war delusion（迷幻，错觉） “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.” 补充：Fitzgerald：tender is the night, all the sad young man, the rich boy,

几个重点背景：roaring twenties, jazz age, the lost generation, American dream

5. Ernest Hemingway

主要作品：

The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》

A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》 Frederic Henry & Catherine Barkley For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》

The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》Santiago

“Man is not made for debeat?A man can be destroyed but not defeated.” From The Old Man and the Sea

What is Hemingway Code Hero? His writing style. What is Iceberg-principle? 补充：海明威的writing style:

Heroic code : Hemingway has his own understanding of hero. What the hero does is to face adversity with grace. He emphasizes self-control and other facts of his idea of manhood. What people achieve or fail at external is not as significant to heroism as comporting ourselves with inner nobility. As Santiago says, man is not made for defeated. A man can be destroyed but not defeated. Colloquial style

Emphasis on emotion Ice burg theory

Short story: man without women Winter takes nothing

主题主要是：life and death, experience and the meaning of life, the physical and psychological wound of the soldier.

Hemingway’s writing style: simple, telegraphic, natural, direct, clear, fresh, terse(简洁的，精练的), controversial, commonly found, fundamental words, lean and emotional,simple sentences, ice burg principle, symbolism. His style is probably the most widely imitated of any in the 20th century. He is generally known for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”. He once said, the dignity of movement of an iceburg is due to only 1/8of it above water. According to H, good literature writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best

way to produce the effect is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeling without any authorized comments, without conventionally emotive language, and with a bare minimum of adj, and modifiers. His fiction usually focuses on people living essential, dangerous live -- soldiers, fisherman, athletes, who meet the pain and difficulties of their existence with stoic（坚忍的，苦修的） courage. His celebrated lit stylhe is direct,terse and often monotonous, yet particularly suited to his elemental subject matter. Masculine, man of action, self-discipline, terse.

The Hemingway hero code

It refers to some protagonists in Hemingway’s works. In the general situation of Hemingway’s novels, life is full of tension and battles. The world is in chaos and man is always fighting a losing battle. Those who survive and perhaps emerge victorious in the process of seeking to master the code with a set of principles such as honor, courage, endurance, wisdom, discipline and dignity are known as Hemingway code. To behave well in the lonely, losing battle with life is to show “grace under power” and constitutes in itself a kind of victory, a theme clearly established in The old man and the sea.

A Farewell to arms

Is henny a good soldier?

No. he escaped and said goodbye to aimless, meaningless war and ran to Switzerland. It is not our war. He is anti-war thinking love may be disastrous, bring death. So man should be cold.

6. William Faulkner, Southern writer

主要作品：The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》,Absalom, Absalom. Go down, moses. Light in august.

故事发生地：fictional Yoknapatawpha County 四大家族：

主题: The burden of history; the South’s conservative culture; the South’s troubled history; family; the land; religion; guilt; identity; death; the search for the redemptive meaning of life.

Writing features:

1. stream of consciousness and interior monologue. 2. multiple point of view 3. Violation of chronology

4.anti-hero: weak, fable(寓言，无稽之谈), vulnerable, 5.mythological pattern and open ending

7. The Color Purple

作者：Alice Walker 南方黑人女性作家alic 主人公：Celie & Nettie

论述: Sophia: “All my life I had to fight. I had to fight my daddy. I had to fight my uncles. I had to fight my brothers. A girl child ain't safe in a family of men,