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Chapter 3 Lexicon
ⅠWhat is word?
1. 3 senses of word
1) a physically definable unit
Word may be seen as a set of sound segments or writing letters between two pauses or blanks.
2) word both as a general term and as a specific term
Word may be used both as a general term (then boy and boys are just one word) and as a specific items (boy and boys are two words). 3) a grammatical unit
The work rank is located between morpheme and word group.
2. Identification of words
1) Stability
Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure. 2) relative uninterruptibility
New elements should not be inserted into a word, even when there are several parts in a word.
3) a minimum free form
Word is the smallest unit that can be used by itself.
3. Classification of wods
1) Variable and invariable words
Variable words may have inflective changes. The same word may have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant.
Invariable words refer to those words that do not have inflective endings. 2) grammatical words and lexical words
Those which mainly work for constructing group are grammatical words, such as, conj., prep., art., and pron., are grammatical words also known as function words.
Those which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality, such as n., v., adj. and adv., are lexical words, also known as content words. 3) closed-class words and open-class words
The closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited, such as pron., prep., conj., art., and others.
The open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as n., v., adj., and many adv..
4) word class: particle, auxiliaries, pro-form, determiners
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Ⅱ The formation of word
Morpheme: A morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning whether it is lexical or grammatical. 1. classification of morpheme
1) free morpheme: Those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by
themselves, are free morpheme.
bound morpheme: Those that cannot occur alone, must appear with at last another morpheme, and are called bound morphemes,
2) root: Root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying
its meaning. That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.
affix: Affix is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem), so affix is naturally bound.
stem: Stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
3) inflectional affix n. ----s n. ----`s
v. ----ed v. ----ing w. ----ed/en adj./adv. ----er adj./adv. ----est
derivational affix Differences:
1^ Inflectional affixes are generally less productive than derivational affixes. Therefore, they serve to produce different forms of a single lexeme. However, derivational affixes are vey productive in making new words.
2^ Inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to, whereas derivational affixes might or might not.
3^ Whether one should add inflectional affixes or not depends very often on the other factors within the phrase or sentence.
4^ Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes, which are always word final. But derivational affixes can both be prefixes and suffixes. 2. word formation
1) inflection: It indicates grammatical relations by adding inflectional affixes; and when
inflectional affixes are added, the grammatical class of the terms (to which they are attached) will not change.
2) compound: It refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or
the way to join two separate words to produce a single form. It can be further divided into two kinds, the endocentric compound and the exocentric compound.
3. Sememe Vs. Morpheme and Phoneme Vs. Morpheme
1) sememe Vs. morpheme
1^ one morpheme Vs. one sememe
2^ one morpheme Vs. more than one sememe 3^ one sememe Vs. more than one morpheme 4^ morphemes that have no specific sememe 精品文档
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5^ function changes in both sememe and morpheme without morpheme change 2) morpheme Vs. phoneme
1^ a single phoneme Vs. a single morpheme 2^ a single morpheme Vs. multiple phoneme 3^ allomorph
4^ morphemic conditions
Ⅲ Lexical change
1. lexical change proper
1) invention 2) blending
Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words. 3) abbreviation 4) acronym
Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword. 5) back-formation
Back-formation refers to an usually abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. 6) analogical creation 7) borrowing 1^ loanwords 2^ loanblend 3^ loanshift
4^ loan translation
2. morpho-syntactical change
1) morphological change
The present section is on the inflectional side, i.e. the form of inflectional affixes. 2)
3) syntactical change
English speaker today no longer uses the fifteenth century’s double.
3. semantic change
1)
2) broading
Broading is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one. 3)
4) narrowing
Narrowing is contrary to broading: the original meaning of a word can be narrowed or restricted to a specific sense. 精品文档