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because he was deceiving himself.

5. Denotation: produce, invent, or make up

Connotation: it connotes a sense of large quantity because he had to make up many different excuses and false stories to reject his friends’ offers.

6. Denotation: being unable to walk properly because one’s legs are damaged or injured

Connotation: It associates his emotional feelings with a crippled person to mean that he was in despair and unable to share his feeling with others. 7. Denotation: be unable to breathe properly

Connotation: It implies he was extremely embarrassed and felt guilty to talk about his financial problems. As a result, it was difficult for him to speak out the words.

8. Denotation: an idea or opinion that is wrong

Connotation: It connotes a sense of realization and regrets about the desire to get something free. Because of his illusion, he had to pay much more than a dictionary usually costs, i.e. $3,000.

READING COMPREHENSION Understanding the text 2

1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C Language focus Words in use

1.prohibited 2.submit 3.remedied 4.imposed 5.feature 6.crisis 7. artificial 8.principal 9.issued 10.isolated Expressions in use 5

1.suffering from 2.in accordance with 3.shrugged off 4.be entitled to 5. care about 6.tore at 7.access to 8. out of the question Sentence structure 6

1. Follow your doctor’s advice or your cough will get worse. 2. Stand over there and you’ll be able to see it better. 3. Watch your step if you go out or you might fall. 7

1. There is nothing more important than being honest with everyone at school and at work.

2. There is nothing more than helpful than using the Internet to improve my English skills.

3. There is nothing more than encouraging and stimulating than communicating successfully with your colleagues.

Collocation Warm-up

1. seemingly free 2. barely enough 3. easily accessible 4.absolutely needed 5.financially bankrupt 6.completely charmed 7.truly autonomous 8.staggeringly expensive 9.emotionally crippled 8

1. financial distress 2.financial trouble 3.financially bankrupt 4.seemingly free 5.suspend desires

6.easily accessible 7.emotionally crippled

8.artificial sense 9.truly autonomous 10.completely charmed 11.staggeringly expensive

12.buying decisions

Unit6 Less is more

Text A Door closer,are you?

1

1B 2C 3A 4E 5D 2

1 An irrational behavior can be described as an action or opinion not based on adequate use of logic and reason:

Be willing to pay much more for a cup of Starbucks coffee when there's cheaper, equally good coffee across the street.

Once a price is established in their minds, they will compare other similar items to this price, not only for the current but also for the future.

Buy products they don't need just because they get something for free in the transaction.

Do something just because some other people are doing the same thing.

2 Ignorance - People can be totally unaware about a situation, yet form their own views and judgments. They often tend to jump to conclusions based on rumors. Emotions - People take offense or get angry before the actual situation occurs. They become anxious and harbor unrealistic expectations.

Stress - It is the main reason that causes physical as well as mental problems. Stress creates feeling of anger, irritation and frustration.

Blind beliefs - People live entirely on the lines that are drawn by others and do not have their own point of view. They are too conscious about society and its reactions to them.

3 Yes, I'm often irrational because of different kinds of stress, uncertainty about my future, and sensitivity to how people look at me.

No, I don't think I'm irrational because I always use my logic and common sense to judge things and react to what has happened to me.

Scripts:

As the most intelligent animal on this earth, we are supposed to behave in a rational way, i.e., act according to logic and reason required in a situation. But does that really happen? Do we always behave rationally? Certainly not. There are a lot of people who behave irrationally, causing problems to themselves as well as to others. Irrational behavior is part of human nature, but as MIT Professor Ariely has discovered, people tend to behave irrationally in a predictable fashion. Though we cannot explain the exact cause behind irrational behavior, we know that it is a manner of behavior not based on logic and reasoning. I would like to give you an example of irrational behavior. If a person has heard about someone suffering from some disease, he will start thinking that he may suffer from the same disease. This is irrational

and illogical behavior. I don't think this behavior is always intentional.

Reading comprehension Understanding the text 1

1 He was imposing on his troops a necessary sacrifice to achieve victory over their opponents. By doing this, the soldiers would be more determined and concentrated on the battles.

2 The purpose for the experiment is to investigate seemingly irrational human behavior when making a decision, such as the tendency for keeping multiple options open.

3 The experiment enabled people to see why it's always so hard for them to say \everyday life, people just give excuses to keep options open.

4 Students should quickly check all the doors and keep clicking on the one with the highest cash. They should absolutely ignore the vanishing doors.

5 Because we can see that the students didn't really focus on ensuring future cash earnings. What they tried to avoid was the immediate pain of watching options close.

6 Because in life the doors are closing slowly, not like the ones on the computer in the experiment, people don't really see the opportunities actually vanishing away little by little.

7 He suggests that people should prohibit overbooking, reduce options, delegate tasks to others, and even give away ideas to others to pursue.

8 People can obtain pleasure and satisfaction by focusing their energy and attention in a more concentrated fashion. They will have more with fewer, carefully chosen options. Critical thinking 2

1 ~ Surprising but very strategic and visionary. ~ Reflection of his unique foresight and wisdom.

~ Knowledgeable about winning battles. ~ Experienced in fighting with enemies. 2 ~ Interesting and thought-provoking. ~ Reflect students' mentality. ~ Meaningful and valid.

~ May not be convincing to some people. 3 ~ Both consequences are surprising.

~ Both are about choices and decision-making. ~ Both have to do with strategies. ~ Both focus on human's mentality.

4 ~ Afraid of losing potential opportunities. ~ Too greedy and too ambitious.

~ Over-confident about their real capacity. ~ More choices, better chances.

5 ~ Fewer options, more focused concentration. ~ Fewer choices, better quality. ~ Everything has two sides.

~ Too much greed ends up with nothing. Language focus 3

1 implement 2 rival 3 motivating 4 discarded 5 fluctuating 6 prejudiced 7 restore 8 enlightening 9 profit 10 investigate Word building 4

Words learned New words formed -ic

strategy strategic sympathy sympathetic -ion

confirm confirmation locate location reflect reflection provide provision install installation register registration quotation quote -ize

sympathy sympathize critic criticize

industrial industrialize 5

1 sympathize 2 confirmation 3 strategic 4 installation 5 quote 6 sympathetic 7 criticize 8 location

9 reflection 10 industrialize 11 provision 12 registration Banked cloze 6

1 M 2 D 3 H 4 0 5 F 6 L 7 I 8 C 9 J 10 A Expressions in use 7

I was attached to 2 be measured in 3 come in handy 4 clinging to

5 pay a big price 6 are exhausted from 7 imposed on 8 revolve around Structure analysis and writing Structured writing 8

There are a lot of people who behave irrationally, causing problems to themselves as well as to others. It's hard to analyze the exact causes behind irrational behavior, but we know that it is a manner of behavior that is not based on logic and reasoning. Irrational behavior is caused by various factors but two stand out.

The first main factor that contributes to irrational behavior is uncontrolled emotions. Irrational people take offense or get angry before the actual situation occurs. They become anxious and express exaggerated emotions such as crying and shouting. They have unrealistic expectations, expecting everyone to like them and if someone does not, they feel angry and neglected. It is fairly common for people to show such signs of irrationality.

Too much stress can also lead to irrational behavior. In fact, these days, stress is the major cause of physical as well as mental problems. Stress creates feelings of anger, irritation and frustration. For instance, when you spend a stressful day in the office, it makes you anxious. You start releasing your frustration or stress by screaming at your family members for small reasons like a badly prepared meal. That day you feel everything is wrong.

In summary, uncontrolled emotions and too much stress can result in irrational behavior. To behave rationally is not an easy job because the behavior is internalized. However, to discover the source of your irrationality will help you behave more rationally. Translation 9

极简主义是指去掉多余的，仅保留需要的部分、用最简单的话来说，极简的生