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contradiction with our socialist system. However, there do exist many people who look at the present with the viewpoint popular in feudal society. （译成两句，后一句部分地改变了原文的意义顺
序。）
(2) In discussing women?s social status, many people turn to feudalism for ideas, which are right in contradiction with socialist ideology. However, quite a few people look at things that way.
（译成两句，一长一短，基本上没有改变原文的意义顺序。）
(3) Many people look at women?s social status from their feudal stance, which is contradictory to socialist ideology. The practice is, however, popular with quite a few people. （译成两句，使用了
定语从句，基本上没有改变原文的意义顺序。）
3 如今人员流动比以往任何时候都流畅，这也许就是为什么移动电话十分普及的原因，当然
技术与经济的发展也是两个非常重要的因素。
如今人员流动比以往任何时候都更为流畅，| 这也许就是为什么移动电话十分普及的原因，|| 当然技术与 因果 并列 经济的发展也是两个非常重要的因素。
(1) At present, people?s mobility is more popular than ever before. It may be this mobility that has motivated the popularization of the mobile phone. Of course, technological advance and economic development are also two important contributors. （译成三句，未改变原文的意义顺序。） (2) Nowadays, people are more mobile than ever before. This may account for the unprecedented popularity of the mobile phone although technological advance and economic development have also done their significant parts. （译成两句，一长一短，未改变原文的意义顺序。） (3) The mobile phone may owe its unprecedented popularization to the unprecedented mobility of modern people, although it owes similarly to technological advance and economic development.
（译成一句，使用了从句，部分地改变了原文的意义顺序。）
4 几乎每个孩子都曾梦想过去太空旅游，体会一下失重环境下的生活是个什么样子，但这种
愿望由于多种原因往往难以实现。
几乎每个孩子都曾梦想过去太空旅游，|| 体会一下失重环境下的生活是个什么样子，| 但这种愿望由于多
目的 转折 种原因往往难以实现。
(1) Almost every child has dreamt of space travel to experience how to live in the weightless environment but for reasons their dreams can hardly be realized. （译成一句，并列结构，转折关系，
没有改变原文的意义顺序。）
(2) Almost every child has ever wished to travel in space and experience how life would be in the weightless environment. But for many reasons, it is difficult for their wish to come true. （译成
两句，未改变原文的意义顺序。）
(3) Wished as every child has to travel in space and experience the life in the weightless environment, for many reasons few of the wishes could come true. （译成一个整句，使用了从句，
未改变原文的意义顺序。）
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5 学校鼓励学生独立思考，不要受老师观点的束缚。但长期以来许多学生都习惯于跟定老师
亦步亦趋，不习惯于自己游泳。
学校鼓励学生独立思考，不要受老师观点的束缚。| 但长期以来许多学生都习惯于跟定老师亦步亦趋，|| 不 转折 转折 习惯于自己游泳。
(1) The school encourages its students to think independently and not to be confined to their teachers? ideas. But for a long time, students are accustomed to following their teachers? suit and not used to doing what they wish to. （译成两句，未改变原文的意义顺序。）
(2) The school is for students? independent thinking and against their confinement to their teachers? ideas. But for a long time, students enjoy following their teachers? suit and do not like swimming on their own. （译成两句，未改变原文的意义顺序，但所用的句型有别于前译。）
(3) The school?s encouragement of students to think independently and discouragement of them from their teachers? confinement are not popular with the students, who are used to following their teachers but not to swimming on their own. （译成一句，基本上未改变原文的意义顺序，但所用的句
型有别于前译。）
6 学期论文最迟必须在下星期二交上来，可是大部分学生至今还没有动笔。看来，论文题目
是难了一点，否则何以解释呢？
学期论文最迟必须在下星期二交上来，|| 可是大部分学生至今还没有动笔。| 看来，论文题目是难了一点， 转折 因果 || 否则何以解释呢？ 反推
(1) The term paper must be submitted no later than the coming Tuesday. However, most of students have not even started their writing yet. It seems that the topic is too difficult for them. Is there any other reason for that? （译成三句，未改变原文的意义顺序。）
(2) Most of students have not even started their term paper writing though the deadline for the submission is set on the coming Tuesday. The explanation may lie in the fact that it is beyond them and any other account may be unthinkable. （译成两句，部分地改变了原文的意义顺序，所用句
型也有别于前译。）
(3) The delayed term paper, originally to be submitted no later than the coming Tuesday, points to the possibility of the difficulty on the students? part to the exclusion of other possible accounts.
（译成一句，改变了原文的结构，部分地调整了原文的意义顺序，使用了插入成分。）
7 那个国家，一般用现金付账，但随着现代科技的普及，用支票付账在大城市里也已经很普
及了，不久的将来会代替现金成为一种新的结算方式。
那个国家，一般用现金付账，| 但随着现代科技的普及，用支票付账在大城市里也已经很普及了，|| 不久 转折 递进 的将来会代替现金成为一种新的结算方式。
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(1) In that country, cash is popularly used in settlement. However, with popularization of science and technology, check is in popular use in big cities now and will soon replace cash as a new settlement. （译成两句，未改变原文的意义顺序。）
(2) Traditionally, cash has been used in that country in settlement, but with popularization of science and technology, it will sooner or later be replaced by check though confined in big cities at present. （译成一句，部分地改变了原文的意义顺序，使用了介词短语和分词短语加从属连词的从句。） (3) The traditional cash payment in that country will soon, with popularization of science and technology, be replaced by check, though confined to big cities as a new settlement at present. （译
成一句，改变了原文的意义顺序，使用了插入成分和分词短语加从属连词的从句。）
8 亨利急于想让母亲知道他在果园里创造性地将通常不相互嫁接的果树嫁接起来了，所以当
他一听到母亲的脚步声越来越近时，就按捺不住地叫了起来。
亨利急于想让母亲知道他在果园里创造性地将通常不相互嫁接的果树嫁接起来了，| 所以当他一听到母亲 因果 的脚步声越来越近时，|| 就按捺不住地叫了起来。 主从
(1) Henry was eager to let his mother know that he had been working creatively in the garden and grafted those traditionally ungraftable fruit trees. Therefore, on hearing his mother?s steps approaching, he could not help but cry out. （译成两句，未改变原文的意义顺序。）
(2) Eager to let his mother know his creative work in the garden by grafting those traditionally ungraftable fruit trees, Henry could not help crying out upon hearing his mother?s approaching steps. （译成一句，部分地改变了原文的意义顺序，使用了形容词短语，将前译的散句变成了整句。） （3）On hearing his mother approaching, Henry could not help but cry out that he had grafted those traditionally ungraftable trees in the garden and was eager to let her know. （仍为一句，变换
了前译的句型，重组了前译的意义。）
9 比尔已经是个成熟的小伙子了，不再事事依赖父母替他做主。例如，上次报考博士研究生
和这次与玛丽恋爱，都是自作主张的。
比尔已经是个成熟的小伙子了，|| 不再事事依赖父母替他做主。| 例如，上次报考博士研究生和这次与玛 因果 例证 丽恋爱，都是自作主张的。
(1) Bill is now a mature guy and does not rely on his parents to decide everything. For example, last time, he registered for the ph. D entrance examination and this time he decided to develop his love with Mary. And the two decisions were made independently. （译成三句，未改变原文意义顺序。） (2) As a grown-up guy, Bill does not rely on his parents to make decision for him. For example, the registration for the ph. D entrance examination last time and the engagement to Mary recently were both his own decisions. （译成两句，部分地改变了原文的意义顺序，使用了从句和名词化的词语，
句型也有别于前译。）
(3) A case in point of Bill?s maturity and his capability of making decisions independently are the registration for the ph. D entrance examinatin last time and the the engagement to Mary
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recently. （译成一句，适当地改变了原文的意义顺序，较多地使用了名词化了的词语，译文非常正式。）
10 这个地区肉类供应非常丰富，蔬菜水果却又奇缺。因此上级命令我们带个小分队到这里
来调查研究，看看用什么办法能帮助当地群众解决好这个问题。
这个地区肉类供应非常丰富，|| 蔬菜水果却又奇缺。| 因此上级命令我们带个小分队到这里来调查研究， 对照 因果 || 看看用什么办法能帮助当地群众解决好这个问题。 目的
(1) The region is rich in meat supply but extremely poor in fruit and vegetables. Therefore, our superiors ordered us to lead a team to make investigations into the matter and see if we could help the masses of the region to solve the problem. （译成两句，未改变原文的意义顺序。）
(2) Our superiors let us organize a team to make investigations into the possibility to find solutions to the problem with the region, which is rich in meat but extremely poor in fruit and vegetables. （译成一句，较多地改变了原文的意义顺序，使用了非限定性定语从句。）
(3) The richness in meat supply but extreme poverty in fruit and vegetables in the region led to our superiors to ask us to make investigation into the matter and find possible solutions. （译成一
句，较多地使用了名词化了的词语，未改变原文的意义顺序，但句型有别于前译。）
第二节 现代汉语句子英译：时态选择
练习 简要阐述将下列句子译成英语时如何选择英语时态并将句子译成英语：
1 数字式录制是一种将声音或图像转换成数字的录制技术，它的广泛应用不但开辟了无胶卷 照相的新纪元，也为教学现代化提供了契机。
2 某个国家现在生产的大米超出了国内需求，正在努力开辟国际市场。问题是，他们生产的大米的化肥、农药的残存量远远超出国际标准。
3 他咬了一口牛排，觉得很嫩,可他太太偏说，牛排太嫩了不好吃，也不利于消化，要求换成老一点的。
4 我们路过芝加哥时住在一家收费不太高的旅馆里，一夜只收四十美元。团长却认为，我们有点小家子气，不象大企业的大老板。 5 这个牌子的保健食品含有人工添加剂，行政执法部门认为可能有副作用，责令从市场上撤回，不得再销售。
6 工程师们依靠工人的智慧，发明了一种新的生产工艺，提高了生产力，受到了领导的高度赞扬。
7 他花了许多时间准备数学考试，因此当他得知自己只得了个B就非常失望。老师却告诉他，学习的功夫主要应花在平时，临时抱佛脚往往难以收到理想的结果。
8去年闹了一场旱灾，紧接着又发了一场大水，几乎是籽粒无收。地方政府不得不动用储备粮并采用其他紧急措施以渡过粮食危机。
9 萧伯纳在他的一个剧本的前言中指出，今天的人比中世纪更加迷信。这种说法近乎怪诞，细玩却耐人寻味。
10 一家人聚拢来讨论经济问题，父亲一开头就说，每月存点钱是非常必要的，遇到紧急情况，就可以动用积蓄。
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参考答案
1 数字式录制是一种将声音或图像转换成数字的录制技术，它的广泛应用不但开辟了无胶卷照相的新纪元，也为教学现代化提供了契机。
本句具有说明性质，宜选用现在时态系统，以一般现在时为规范，必要时参照规范选用其他时态。这句话以两个逗号为标记划分两个层次，第一个逗号处为第一层次，因果关系；第二个逗号处为第二层次，递进关系。
(1) The digital recording is a recording technology that converts sound or image into digits. The wide application of the technology has not only opened a new epoch of the film-free photography but also provided a good opportunity for the development of modern classroom teaching. （译成两
句，未改变原文的意义顺序。）
(2) By converting sound or image into digitals, the digital recording technology has opened not only a new epoch of the digital photography but also provided the opportunity for the modernization of classroom teaching. （译成一句，使用了分词短语，未改变原文的意义顺序，将前译
的散句变成了整句，句型也有别于前译。）
(3) The digital recording technology, by converting sound or image into digitals, has open not only a new epoch of the digital photography but also the possibility to modernize classroom teaching. （仍为一句，使用了插入成分，部分地改变了前译的句型。）
2 某个国家现在生产的大米超出了国内需求，正在努力开辟国际市场。问题是，他们生产的大米的化肥、农药的残存量远远超出国际标准。
本句具有说明性质，宜选用现在时态系统，以一般现在时为规范，必要时参照规范选用其他时态。上例分两个层次，句号处为第一层次，转折关系；第一个逗号处为第二层次，因果关系。
(1) The processed rice that country produces exceeds the domestic demand and the country is making efforts to open international markets. The problem is that the residues of chemical fertilizers and pesticides the rice contains are far above the export standards. （译成两句，未改变原
文的意义顺序。）
(2) With processed rice exceeding domestic demand, that country is seeking international markets but is troubled by the chemical fertilizer and pesticide residues that are far above international standards. （译成一句，使用了名词独立结构和从句，将前译的散句变成了整句，但未改变
原文的意义顺序。）
(3) In opening international markets for the surplus of the rice, the country is troubled with the above-international standard chemical fertilizer and pesticide residues that the rice contains. （译成
一句，使用了介词短语和从句，个别地方浓缩了原文的意义，部分地改变了原文的意义顺序，虽然还是整句，但句型有别于前译。）
3 他咬了一口牛排，觉得很嫩，可他太太偏说，牛排太嫩了不好吃，也不利于消化，要求换成老一点的。
本句具有叙事性质，宜选用过去时态系统，以一般过去时为规范，必要时参照规范选用其他时态。这句话的第一层次描写他与他太太在看法上的差异，描写他的文字的层次，以逗号为标记，因果关系；他太太说的话为间接引语，说的前后为动宾关系，要求前后为因果关
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