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首字母填空解题思路探寻

给首字母填空类短文题是近几年上海市中考试题经常采用的题型之一，因为它有非常好的信度和效度，又能拉开考生间的分差、提高区分度。这种题型属于能力测试的范畴，它考查的范围极广，可以是英语知识的方方面面，还可能涉及其它学科。它要求考生在充分理解短文的基础上将单词拼写出来，并且单词形式合理，符合语法规范，符合短文需要。这种试题的首字母已给，所填的就必须是该字母开头的单词。这既是一种限制，又是一种提示。 可是这种题型因难度相对较大，考生失分现象比较严重。学生要仔细阅读全文，利用上下文提供的有关信息，再仔细阅读相关句子，判断所缺单词的句子成分，才能完成练习。完型填空式中考试卷中最难的题型，最能测量考生实际运用语言的能力。要做好此类题目，考生不但要有较强的语感，善于体会上下文的内在联系，而且要有扎实的语言知识储备和较大的词汇量。

一、上海市五年中考试卷首字母填空考查要点统计 名词 动词时态和语态 √ √ √ √ 形容词 √√ √√ √√ √ 副词 √√ √√ √ √√ √√ 代词 √ √ √ 连词/连接词 √ √ 介词 √ 感叹词 √ 情态动词 √ 02（6’） 03（7’） √ 04（7’） √ 05（7’） √ 06（16’） √√ √√ 从统计表中不难看出，考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词这几大词类。 二、首字母填空阶梯训练法

不少同学经过长期艰苦的努力，可能仍达不到理想的训练效果，为了帮助同学们解决燃眉之急，在平时的教学中我采用了下面的“台阶式”教学法，而且经过试验，我发现这确实是比较有效的方法之一，对提高学生的解题能力很有帮助。具体做法如下：

Step1：掌握七种句子成分与十种词性之间的对应关系。通过对单一成分的分类练习， 掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应。词性正确是答案正确的前提。 (1) 对主语的判断

1. _______ are helpful to students. ( teach )

2. _______ is more important to me than money. ( healthy )

3. Some famous _______ are going to give lectures in our university in August. ( science) 4. _______ is my favorite sport. ( fish ) 5. _______ stamps is my hobby. ( collect )

Key: 1. Teachers 2. Health 3. scientists 4. Fishing 5. Collecting

分析：以上练习中，所填的词均为句子的主语。主语是动作的发出者，词性主要为名词与代词（1-３）；动词不能直接用作主语，必须转化成其对应的名词或动名词（４-５）。此外，形容词前加the以及带连词的句子也可作主语。 例如：

The rich are not always happy. 句中the rich 指“有钱人”，因此可以作主语。

What I wanted was just your help. 句中What I wanted是一个带有连词what的句子，因此也可以作主语。

(2) 对谓语的判断

John was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c________ over to him. “My

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boy,” she a_____ , “Is your father at home?” “Yes,” a_______ John. The woman b________ ringing the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_____ back to John and s______ angrily, “Didn’t you s______ that your father was at home?” “I did”, answered John, “but this i_______ my house.”

Key: came asked answered began turned said say isn’t

分析：语篇中的所缺词均为谓语动词。谓语是句子所表示的动作，词性只能是动词，而且在句子中不能缺。当一个主谓结构中同时出现两个或两个以上动词时，还要判断他们之间的相互关系，对谓语动词或非谓语动词的判断只有在熟练掌握相关知识的基础上，才能作出正确的判断。平时练习和周练中，我经常让学生做些“用动词的适当形式填空”练习，有助于对动词形式的判断。 (3) 对宾语的判断

1. Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast ________ in Shanghai after his long absence from the city. ( develop )

2. The front is in great need of medical _____.( work ) 3. Thank you for your _______. ( kind ) 4. At last he sold his ______. ( invent )

Key: 1. development 2. workers 3. kindness 4. invention（s） 分析：宾语是动作的承受者，分动词宾语与介词宾语两种。宾语的词性同和主语的词性一样，单是如果代词作宾语时就必须用其宾格。 (4) 对表语的判断

1. It is ______ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. ( possible) 2. The sick man is getting ______. ( ill )

3. Patrick is going to be a(n) ______ when he grows up.(engine)

4. Such cold weather is quite _____ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again. （ usually ）

5. It’s a ______ to have a picnic with all the members. （please ）

Key: 1. impossible 2. worse 3. engineer 4. unusual 5. pleasure

分析：表语是连系动词后接的成分。词性主要为形容词，名词, 介词短语。如果是动词 的适当形式作表语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。 (5) 对定语的判断

1. The _______ exams usually take place at the end of June. ( finally) 2. On a _____ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. ( clearly) 3. In ______ weather, the old had better stay at home. (freeze )

4. The French artist said, “It is my _____ time to visit Shanghai. I love this city so much. ( one )

5. Most people don’t like ________ food. ( freeze ) 6. Who is your ________ teacher? ( chemical )

Key: (1) final (2) clear (3) freezing (4) first (5) frozen (6) chemistry

分析:定语是修饰名词与代词的成分。词性以形容词，序数词，介词短语为主。名词修 饰名词说明后面名称的性能或用途。如：stamp show / physics teacher。如果是动词 的适当形式作定语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。 (6) 对状语的判断

1. The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kong so ______ (easy)

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2. Watch ______, and you will find the difference between the two pictures. ( care )

3. After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed ______ at last. ( safe ) Key : (1) easily (2) carefully (3) safely

分析：状语是说明动作发生的时间，地点，原因，方式，目的，结果，条件和伴随情况 的成分。词性以副词为主，也可以是介词短语。如果是动词的适当形式作状语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。 (7) 对连词的判断

1. Work harder, __________ you’ll make great progress in English. 2. My job is to protect the innocent __________ find the guilty.

3. __________ you __________ he can go to the cinema, but you cannot go together because I have only one ticket.

4. Can you tell me _________ you are from? 5. I’ll give you a call __________ I get to Japan.

Key: (1)and (2) as well as (3) Either…or (4) where (5) as soon as 分析：在英语中, 并列连词and, but, or, so , not only…but also, either …or, neither…nor, as well as, both… and等连接并列的词,词组和句子; 而从属连词则连接主句与从句。

Step2：在牢记了七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系之后，多做综合的“用所给单词的正确形式填空”，有利于提高对句子成分的判断能力。熟练掌握词性转化的技巧是通向首字母填空的第二步。

Step3：锻炼自己的发散和归纳思维的能力，或称为“猜谜”的能力。 Exercise : Guess the missing word. 1. ________ are helpful to students.

2. ________ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge.

3. ________ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after class they care for them like parents.

4. ________ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy.

分析：按顺序做你会不假思索地得出答案，1---4均为Teachers，全部解完后再思考，似乎第一题答案不仅仅只有Teachers。按判断主语的结论，凡名词，只要合乎逻辑，都可作为第一题的答案，你会发现Books也可，继而得出结论：“一切有益于学生的复数名词均为正确答案，如：Exercises、Doctors、Police、Parents…”。第二题受后一句knowledge的限制，答案要少一些，如：Teachers、Books，第三题限制更多，从“care for”判断主语只能是人，即: Teachers。第四题受healthy的限制，最好填Doctors / Nurses。

以上练习说明解完形填空需要如下技能：1. 对所缺词的句子成分必须作出精确判断，然后填入正确的词性，即必须熟练掌握句子成分与词性的对应关系。2. 必须训练自己扩散性思维能力，如同猜谜，因为词义的确定依靠着对句中限制性信息的判断得出。3. 良好的语法基本功。在确定完词性与词义后，名词单复数、形容词的比较等级和动词时态的确定等等建立在良好的语法基本功之上。

Step4：对词性、词义、词形的精确判断阶段，即综合运用阶段

Mr. Wu is getting old. He is l_______ the school soon. The s_______ in his class have given h______ a lot of p_______. Among t______ are cards, note-books, photos and books. Most of the cards are m______ by the students themselves.

Photos will h_____ Mr. Wu remember the happy t_________ when he was with his students. Next week, t________ will have a p_______ to s ______ goodbye to him.