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depth of about two and three-quarter kilometers. Most of it is in the form of the salt water of the oceans - about 97 per cent. The rest

is fresh， but three-quarters of this is in the form of ice at the Poles and on mountains， and cannot be used by living systems until melted. Of the remaining fractional which is somewhat less than one per cent of the whole， there is 10-20 times as much stored underground water as there is actually on the surface. There is also a tiny， but extremely important fraction of the water supply which is present as water vapor in the atmosphere.

Water vapor in the atmosphere is the channel through which the whole water

circulation （循环） of the biosphere has to pass. Water evaporated （蒸发） from the surface of the oceans， from lakes and rivers and from moist （潮湿的） earth is added to it. From it the water comes out again as rain or snow， falling on either the sea or the land. There is， as might be expected， a more intensive evaporation per unit area over the sea and oceans than over the land， but there is more rainfall over the land than over the oceans， and the balance is restored by the runoff from the land in the form of rivers. 31 Liquid water only exists C A in the center of the earth. B on the surface of our planet.

C in a very narrow range of temperatures. D in the coastal areas of the earth. 32 The total quantity of water on Earth A A remains almost unchanged. B has greatly increased in recent years. C is decreasing constantly. D is affected by global warming. 33 Most of the fresh water on Earth B A is stored underground.

B is in the form of ice at the Poles and on mountains. C is found in rivers and lakes. D comes from the rain.

34 The word “fraction” in the second paragraph means A A a very small amount.

B a large area. C an important system. D a major source of information 35 There is more of rainfall D

A over the mountains than over the rivers. B over the rivers than over the mountains C over the oceans than over the land. D over the land than over the oceans. 第二篇

Mind-reading Machine

A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning （扫描） what's happening in their brains.

When you look at something， your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons （神经元） are responsible for this processing.

The fMRI （functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging） （功能性磁振造影） brain scans could generally match electrical activity in the brain to the basic shape of a picture that someone was looking at.

Like cells anywhere else in your body， active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen to the neurons， and the more active a neuron is， the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain， the more active its neurons， and in turn， the more blood will travel to that region. And by using fMRI， scientists can visualize （使…显现） which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood - and therefore， which parts are working to process information. An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks， looks at something， or carries out an activity like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images， fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.

The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects， like people， animals， and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers' brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers' brains to light up on the scan， indicating

activity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see.

In a second test， the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before， their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time， the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example， if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test， their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples. 36 What is responsible for processing the information sent by your eyes？D A The magnetic system in the brain. B The central part of the heart. C Oxygen-rich blood. D Neurons in the brain.

37 The function of an fMRI machine is D A to show how neutrons take in oxygen-rich blood. B to measure how dense the blood is in the brain. C to record how much oxygen the brain consumes.

D to identify which parts of the brain are processing information

38 The expression “highlighting the areas of the brain at work' in paragraph 5 means B A giving light to the parts of the brain that are processing information. B marking the parts of the brain that are processing information. C putting the parts of the brain to work. D preventing the parts of the brain from working. 39 The researchers experimented on C A animals and objects. B fMRI machines. C two volunteers. D thousands of pictures.

40 Which of the following can best replace the title of the passage？B A Recent Development in Science and Technology. B Your Thoughts Can Be Scanned.

C A Technological Dream. D An Intelligent Robot. 第三篇

Youth Emancipation in Spain

The Spanish Government is so worried about the number of young adults still living with their parents that it has decided to help them leave the nest.

Around 55 percent of people aged 18-34 in Spain still sleep in their parents' homes， says the latest report from the country's state-run Institute of Youth.

To coax （劝诱） young people from their homes， the Institute started a “Youth

Emancipation （解放）“ program this month. The program offers guidance in finding rooms and jobs.

Economists blame young people's family dependence on the precarious （不稳定的） labor market and increasing housing prices. Housing prices have risen 17 percent a year since 2000. Cultural reasons also contribute to the problem， say sociologists （社会学家）。 Family ties in south Europe - Italy， Portugal and Greece - are stronger than those in middle and north Europe， said Spanish sociologist Almudena Moreno Minguez in her report “The Late Emancipation of Spanish Youth： Key for Understanding”。

“In general， young people in Spain firmly believe in the family as the main body around which their private life is organized，” said Minguez.

In Spain - especially in the countryside， it is not uncommon to find entire groups of aunts， uncles， cousins， nieces and nephews （外侄/侄子） all living on the same street. They regularly get together for Sunday dinner.

Parents' tolerance is another factor. Spanish parents accept late-night partying and are wary of setting bedtime rules.

“A child can arrive home at whatever time he wants. If parents complain he'll put up a fight and call the father a fascist，” said Jose Antonio G6mez Yanez， a sociologist at Carlos III University in Madrid.

Mothers' willingness to do children's household chores （家务） worsens the problem. Dionisio Masso， a 60-year-old in Madrid， has three children in their 20s. The eldest， 28， has a girlfriend and a job. But life with mum is good.

“His mum does the wash and cooks for him； in the end， he lives well，” Masso said. 41 The “Youth Emancipation” program aims at helping young people B

A fight for freedom. B live in an independent way. C fight against social injustice. D get rid of family responsibilities.

42 It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that family ties are stronger in Portugal than in A A Finland. B Greece. C Spain. D Italy.

43 Young people's family dependence can be attributed to all the following factors EXCEPT D

A parents' tolerance. B housing problems. C cultural traditions.

D unwillingness to get married.

44 Which of the following statements is NOT true of Dionisio Masso？B A She is 60 years old. B She has a boyfriend. C She has three children. D She lives in Madrid.

45 The phrase “wary of” in paragraph 8 could be best replaced by e wary of setting bedtime rules. C

A tired of. B afraid of. C cautious about. D worried about.

6 第5部分：补全短文（第46～50题，每题2分，共10分）