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高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
in a fire brigade when fighting a fire)
2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (comparing the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train) Metaphor :
1. We can batten down and ride it out. (comparing the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea) 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.) Personification :
1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. (The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.)
2. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3 1/2miles away. (The hurricane acted as a very strong man lifting something very heavy and dumping it 3 1/2 miles away.). Ⅺ.
Elliptical and short simple sentences generally increase the tempo and speed of the actions being described. Hence in a dramatic narration they serve to heighten tension and help create a sense of danger and urgency. For examples see the text, paragraphs 10-18 and 21-26. Ⅻ.
The topic sentence of paragraph 1 is \facts or reasons showing how John Koshak, Jr. , knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad．The last sentence introduces some other characters in he story and serves as a transition to the next important point in the story—why John KoshakJr．，decided not to abandon his home． ⅩⅢ．
在给出答案之前，首先将该题中的几个语法术语解释一下。
The sentence fragment：片断句。一个合乎语法的完整句子必须具有主语和谓语这两种基本成分。从结构上来说，它应该是可以独立运用的语言单位。片断句是指像短语、从句、同位语以及其他诸如此类不能够独立使用的语言单位。写作时若错误地使用标点符号．将这类不能独立使用的语法结构当成句子分列出来，那便叫做片断句，练习中的第1、第3和第4句就是这样的非完整句，即片断句。 The run—on sentence:误用逗号连接句。该断句的地方没有正确地使用标点符号断句，而将两个或两个以上结构上各自独立完整而又互不从属的句子融合在一起成为一个不合语法、 结构松散的句子称融合句。如果两个完整的句子中间只用逗号隔开而被错误地并成一个句子，这种句子便叫误用逗号连接句，练习中的第2句即是。The dangling modifier：垂悬修饰语。由非谓语动词(分词、动名词、不定式)组成的短语若使用不当，与其所修饰的成分没有实质上的联系，这种结构便叫垂悬修饰语。垂悬修饰语并非语法上的错误，只是修辞上的毛病，但仍应避免使用这样的结构，尤其是不要使用那些会产生歧义、引起误解的垂悬修饰语。练习中的第5、6、7、8句均含垂悬修饰语。
The illogical or faulty parallelism：误用平行句法。误用平行句法指用平行结构来表达并非平行的思想内容。这是应该避免的修辞上的毛病。不能将which或who引导的从句用and 与主句相联。关联连词(both…and，either…or等)只能用于联接句中起同一语法作用的平行成分。练习中的第9、10、11、12句都是误用平行结构的例句。
The shift in point of view：角度转换。不必要的甚至错误的角度转换是应该避免的。若非必须如此。一般不由主动语态转换成被动语态。人称及单复数也不应随便转换。练习中的第13、14、15句都是角度转换的例子。练习中的错句可改正如下： The basketball game was canceled because half of the players were in bed with flu． These snakes are dangerous。However，most snakes are quite harmless．
3．Looking out toward the horizon，she Saw only the old cabin in which Mary was born，a single cottonwood that had escaped the drought and the apparently boundless expanse of sunburned prairie．
4．We knew that although the documents have been stolen they have not yet been seen by a foreign agent． 5．Last year，after I had graduated from high school．my father put me to work in his office． 6．To appreciate the poem，one must read it aloud．
7．1 missed that film because l had to stay home to help my mother wash clothes last Sunday． 8．Driving across the state，one saw many beautiful lakes． 9．Unselfish people are not only happier but also more successful．
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高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
1O．I finally realized that my daydreaming was not making me beautiful and slender or bringing me friends． 11．He is a man of wide experience and also of great popularity among the farmers．
12．I am interested in electronics，which is a new field and which offers interesting opportunities 10 one who knows science． 13．We carefully swept the room and dusted the furniture and the shelves。 14．If one?s mouth is dry，one should eat a lump of sugar or chew gum．
15．You must make yourself interesting to the group that listens23 to you and is constantly trying to detect your mistakes
ⅪV. Omitted.
XV.Gale Kills People
Four people got killed when a gale swept across several parts of South England and Wales yesterday. A school boy of ten was struck by flying debris and lost his life when the roof of a prefabricated classroom was blown off and the walls caved in. The boy was one of seventy children being led to safety. When the teacher saw the roof beginning to lift, he asked his pupils to follow him to a safe place. Unfortunately, the boy was killed. Another two children were taken to hospital with slight injury.
A woman, aged 81, was killed when a chimney, dislodged by a strong wind, fell through the roof of her home. Another woman, a resident on the first floor of a building, was also killed outright by the falling masonry.
Some residents were taken to hospital and the rest evacuated. A driver met his death near a filling station when his car ran into a tree that had fallen across the road.
第二课 马拉喀什见闻
乔治·奥威尔
一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上瓮嗡嗡而起追逐过去，但几分钟过后又非了回来。
一支人数不多的送葬队伍——其中老少尽皆男性，没有一个女的——沿着集贸市场，从一堆堆石榴摊子以及出租汽车和骆驼中间挤道而行，一边走着一边悲痛地重复着一支短促的哀歌。苍蝇之所以群起追逐是因为在这个地方死人的尸首从不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着放在一个草草做成的木头架子上，有四个朋友抬着送葬。朋友们到了安葬场后，便在地上挖出一个一二英尺深的长方形坑，将尸首往坑里一倒。再扔一些像碎砖头一样的日、干土块。不立墓
碑，不留姓名，什么识别标志都没有。坟场只不过是一片土丘林立的荒野，恰似一片已废弃不用的建筑场地。一两个月过后，就谁也说不准自己的亲人葬于何处了。
当你穿行也这样的城镇——其居民20万中至少有2万是除开一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人是如何生活，又如何动辄死亡时，你永远难以相信自己是行走在人类之中。实际上，这是所有的殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸，而且，人数书如此之多！他们真的和你意义同属人类吗？难道他们也会有名有姓吗？也许他们只是像彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们从泥土里长出来，受哭受累，忍饥挨饿过上几年，然后有被埋在那一个个无名的小坟丘里。谁也不会注意到他们的离去。就是那些小坟丘本身也过不了很久便会变成平地。有时当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到地上有些绊脚的东西，只是在经过多次以后，摸清了其一般规律时，你才会知道你脚下踩的是死人的骷髅。
我正在公园里给一只瞪羚喂食。
动物中也恐怕只有瞪羚还活着时就让人觉得是美味佳肴。事实上，人们只要看到它们那两条后腿就会联想到薄荷酱。我现
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高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
在喂着的这只瞪羚好象已经看透了我的心思。它虽然叼走了拿在手上的一块面包，但显然不喜欢我这个人。它一面啃食着面包，一面头一低向我顶过来，再啃一下面包又顶过来一次。它大概还因为把我赶开之后那块面包仍会悬在空中。
一个正在附近小道上干活的阿拉伯挖土工放下笨重的锄头，羞怯地侧着身子慢慢朝我们走过来。他把目光从瞪羚身上移向面包，又从面包转回到瞪羚身上，带着一点惊讶的神色，似乎以前从未建国这种情景。终于，他怯生生的用法语说道：“那面包让我吃一点吧。”
我撕下一块面包，他感激地把面包放进破衣裳贴身的地方。这人是市政当局的雇工。
当你走过这儿的犹太人聚居区时，你就会知道中世纪犹太人区大概是个什么样子。在摩尔人的统治下，犹太人只能在划定的一些地区内保有土地。受这样的待遇经过了好几个世纪后，他们已经不再为拥挤不堪而烦扰了。这儿很多街道的宽度远远不足六英尺，房屋根本没有窗户，眼睛红肿的孩子随处可见，多的像一群群苍蝇，数也数不清。街上往往是尿流成河。
在集市上，一大家一大家的犹太人，全都身着黑色长袍，头戴黑色便帽，在看起来像洞窟一般阴暗无光，苍蝇麋集的摊篷里干活。一个木匠两脚交叉坐在一架老掉牙的车床旁，正以飞快的速度旋制椅子腿。他右手握弓开动车床，左脚引动旋刀。由于长期保持着种姿势，左脚已经弯翘变形了。他的一个年仅六岁的小孙子竟也在一旁开始帮着干一些简单的活计了。
我正要走过一个铜匠铺子时，突然有人发现我点着一支香烟。这一下子那些犹太人从四面八方的一个个黑洞窟里发疯四地围上来，其中有很多白胡子老汉，都吵着要讨支烟抽。甚至连一个盲人听到这讨烟的吵嚷声也从一个摊篷后面爬出来。伸手在空中乱摸。一分钟光景，我那一包香烟全分完了。我想这些人一天的工时谁都不回少于十二小时，可是他们个个都把一支香烟看成是一见十分难得的奢侈品。
犹太人生活在一个自给自足的社会里，他们从事阿拉伯人所从事的行业，只是没有农业。他们中有买水果的，有陶工、银匠、铁匠、屠夫、皮匠、裁缝、运水工，还有乞丐、脚夫——放眼四顾，到处是犹太人。事实上，在这不过几英亩的空间内居住着的犹太人就足足有一万三千之多。也算这些犹太人好运气，希特勒未曾光顾这里。不过，他也许曾经准备来的。你常听到的有关犹太人的风言风语，不仅可以从阿拉伯人那里听到，而且还可以从较穷的欧洲人那里听到。
“我的老兄啊，他们把我的饭碗夺走给了犹太人。想必你也知道这些犹太人吧，他们才是这个国家真正的主宰。我们的钱都进了他们的腰包。银行、财政——一切都被他们控制住了。”
“可是，”我说道，“到多数普通犹太人不也是为了一点微薄的工钱而辛勤劳作的苦力吗？”
“噢！那不过是做出样子来给人看的。事实上他们都是些放债获利的富豪。这些犹太人就是鬼得很。”
与此恰恰相似的是，几百年前，常常也有些苦命的老太婆被当成巫婆给活活烧死，然而事实上她们就连为自己变出一顿象样饭菜的巫术都没有。
所有靠自己的双手干活的人一般都有点不太引人注目，他们所干的活儿越是重要，就越不为人所注目。不过，白皮肤总是比较显眼的。在北欧，若是发现田里有一个工人在耕地，你多半会再看他一眼。而在一个热带国家，直布罗陀以南或苏伊士运河以东的任何一个地方，你就可能看不到田里耕作的人。这种情形我已经注意到多次了。在热带的景色总，万物皆可一目了然，惟独看不见人。那干巴巴的土壤、仙人掌、棕榈树和远方的山岭都可以尽收眼底，但那在地理耕作的农夫却往往每人看见。他们的肤色就和地里的土壤颜色一样，而且远不及土壤中看。
正因如此，贫穷至极的亚非国家反倒成了旅游观光的胜地。没有谁会有兴趣到本地的贫困地区去作依次毫无价值的旅行。但在那些居住着褐色皮肤的人的地方，他们的贫困却根本没有人能注意大批。摩洛哥对于一个法国人来说意味着什么呢？无非是一个能买到橘子圆或者谋取一份政府差使的地方。对于一个英国人呢？不过是骆驼、城堡、棕榈树、外籍兵团、黄铜盘子和
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高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
匪徒等富于浪漫色彩的字眼而已。就算是在那儿呆过多年的人也未必会注意得到，对于当地百分之九十的居民来说，现实生活只意味着永无休止、劳累至极的斗争，其目的是从贫瘠的土壤中费力地弄出点吃的来。
摩洛哥的土地大半是一片荒凉，赖以生存的走兽至大者莫如野兔。原先曾有的森林覆盖着的土地如今已成为光秃秃的荒漠，土壤跟碎砖头一般。尽管如此，仍有大片大片的土地被人们开垦，劳动强度十分惊人。一切活儿全靠手工完成。排着长队的妇女们弯着腰像一个个倒过来的大写字母L一样，以便慢慢地在地里移动着身子往前走，一边用手去拔除带刺的野草。农民采集苜蓿喂牲口时，不是用刀去割而是用手将一棵棵苜蓿连根拔起，免得割剩下来的一两寸的根茬白白浪费掉。犁是用木头做的劣货，一点也不结实，一个人可以毫不费力的扛在肩上。犁的底部安着一个粗劣的铁尖子，只能犁进地里4英寸来深。拉犁的牲口的力气也只有这么大。通常是用一头牛和一头驴子套在一起拉犁。这是因为两头驴子拉不动，而如用两头牛，耗费的饲料有太多。农民们都没有耙地的耙，他们指示顺着不同的方向犁上几遍，弄出一道道垄沟来，然后再用锄头把整块田地做成一块块长条形的小畦，以利蓄水。除了较为罕见的暴雨之后紧接着的那一两天外，这地方总是缺水。农民们在地边上挖出一道道深达三十至四十英尺的沟渠以便把土层深处的涓涓细流汇集起来。
每天下午都有一对年迈的妇女背着柴草从我屋外的路上走过。由于上了年纪而又饱经日晒，他们一个个都变得想木乃伊似的干瘪，而且身躯都是那么瘦小。在原始社会里，妇女超过了一定的年纪便萎缩得如孩子般大小，这似乎是一种普遍的现象。一天，一个身高不过四英尺的可怜人扛着老大的一捆柴草从我身边蹒跚而过。我叫住她，往她手上塞了一枚面值五个苏的钱币（略多于1/4个旧便士）。她的反应竟是一声近乎尖叫的哭喊，这喊叫含有感激的成分，主要还是出于惊讶。我想，在她看来，我虽然会注意她，似乎是违反了自然法则。对于自己作为一个老妇人，即作为一匹驮兽的地位，她是早已接受了的。每当一家人出门远行时，往往可以看到父亲和已经成年的儿子骑着驴子在前边走，而一个老太婆则背着包袱步行跟在后面。
然而这些人的真正奇特之处还在于他们的隐身的特性。一连几个星期，每天几乎在同一时候总有一队老妪扛着柴草从我房前蹒跚走过。虽然他们的身影以映入我的眼帘，但老实说，我并不曾看见她们。我所看见的是一捆捆的柴草从屋外掠过。直到有一天我碰巧走在她们身后时，堆柴草奇异的起伏动作才使我注意到原来下面有人。这才第一次看见那些与泥土同色的可怜老妪的躯体——枯瘦的只剩下皮包骨头、被沉重的负荷压得弯腰驼背的躯体。然而，我踏上摩洛哥国土还不到五分钟就已注意到驴子的负荷过重，并为此感到愤怒。驴子遭到荷虐，这是无疑的事实。摩洛哥的驴子不过如一只瑞士雪山救人犬一般大小，可它驮负的货物重量在英国军队里让一头五英尺高的大骡子来驮都嫌过重。而且，它还常常是一连几个星期不卸驮鞍。尤其让人觉得可悲的是，它是世上最驯服听话的牲畜。不需要鞍辔会僵绳。它便会像狗一样更随着自己的主人。为主人拼命干上十几年活后，它便猝然倒地死去，这时，主人就把它仍进沟里，尸体未寒，其五脏六腑便被村狗扒出来吃掉。
这种事情当然令人发指，可是，一般说来，人的苦难却没人理会。我并非在乱发议论，只不过是指出一个事实而已。这种人简直就是一种无影无行之物。一头背上被磨得皮破肉烂的驴子人人见了都会同情，而那驮着大捆柴草的老妇人则往往要有某种偶然因素才会受到注意。
白鹳鼓翼被去时，黑人正行军南下——一列长长的满身征尘的队伍：步兵，炮队，接着又是更多的步兵，总共大约四五千人，正靴声橐橐，车声辚辚地蜿蜒前行。
他们是塞内加尔人，是非洲肤色最黑的人——黑得简直难以看清他们颈项上的头发从何处生起。他们健硕的身躯罩在旧的卡其布制服里面，脚上套着一双看上去像块木板似的靴子，每个人头上戴着的钢盔似乎都小了一两号。天气正热,队伍已经走了很长一段路，士兵们都被沉重的包袱压得疲惫不堪，敏感得出奇的黑脸颊上汗水闪闪发光。
当他们走过时，一个身体欣长，年纪很轻的黑人回头后顾，和我的目光相遇。他的那种目光完全超出人们意料之外。既不带敌意，又不含轻蔑，也没有愠怒，甚至连好奇的成分都没有。那是一种羞怯的，瞪圆双眼的黑人的目光，实际上就是一种表示深厚敬意的目光。这种情况我是了解的。这可怜的小伙子，因为成了法国公民，所以被从森林里拉出来送到军队驻扎的城镇去擦洗地板，并染上了梅毒。他对于白种人的确是满怀敬意的。过去别人教导他说白种人是他的主人，对此他至今深信不疑。
然而，无论哪一个白人（哪怕是那些自称为社会主义者的人也不例外），当他望着一支黑人军队从身边开过时，都会想到
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高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
同一桩事：“我们还能愚弄他们多久？他们倒戈相向的日子离现在还有多远？”
真是怪有意思的。在场的每一个白人心里都有着这样一个共同的心思。我有，其他旁观者也有，骑在汗涔涔的战马上的军官们有，走在队伍中的白人军士也有。这是大家心里都明白而有彼此心照不宣的秘密，只有那些黑人对此尚茫然不知。看着这列一两英里长的队伍静静地向前开进，真好像看着一群牛羊一样，而那掠过它们头顶、朝着相反方向高翔的大白鹳恰似片片碎纸在空中泛着点点银光。
(摘自卡罗林·什罗茨等合编《修辞读物》)
习题全解
Ⅰ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal commercial centers of Morocco. It was founded in 1062 and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter months. The city was formerly also called Morocco.
Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B. C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing with them Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence. But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers (70%)who try to grow their own food. They often use camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the desert.
Ⅱ. 1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- (a) the burial of the poor inhabitants (b)an Arab Navvy, an employee of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread (c)the miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ (d)cultivation of the poor soil; (e) the old women carrying fire wood.
2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.
3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies as animals instead of as human be rags.
4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a narrow street, houses completely windowless, and the whole area dirty and unhygienic. 5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred.
6. Those who work with their hands are partly invisible. It?s only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are in reality founded. 7. See paragraph 18.
8. The old woman was surprised because someone was taking notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden.
9, Every white man thought. \can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?\Ⅲ. 1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies.
2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings.
3. Because that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the people. This contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not considered nor treated as human beings. 4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well come after 8-15 as before. Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates that the whole passage is made up of various independent examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering. The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay.
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