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考研帮学堂电子配套讲义变得脚踏实地，对自己的能力和价值观采取更理性客观的态度。最后，还有一个不可被忽略的事实，年轻人已经越来越强调生活方式的选择，而不仅仅是钱的问题。通过上文的讨论，我们可以得出一个结论，这个趋势是很正常的，也是可以被接受的。所以，公众不必太过焦虑和不安。第四章语言优化十二法则
第一节语言优化十二法则（一）
1.被动句【详解】“英文多被动，汉语多主动”，还需要警惕名词与动词之间暗含的“主被动”关系。Eg1：表建议(Effectivemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethingsgetworse.Eg2：据说/相传(Itissaidthat…Eg3：Isuggestthat…(Itissuggestedthat…Eg4：Studentsshouldstudyhard.(Studentsareexpected/well-advisedtostudyhard.Eg5：他们家生了一个小孩。(Ababywasbornintheirfamily.Eg6：中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的。(TheChineseknotwasoriginallyinventedbythehandicraftsman(peoplewhomadehandcrafts).Eg7：剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间(Papercuttingsareusedtodecoratedoors,windowsandrooms.2.名词从句名词从句：即从句充当名词的功能，含主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。A.主语从句：Eg1：WhatworriesmanyparentsisthatInternetorcomputergamesmayimpactkids’study.Eg2：ItissaidthatanemperorofancientChinadiscoveredTea5,000yearsago.(it为形式主语；that从句为真正主语)B.宾语从句：Eg1：ManyAmericansliveoncredit,andtheirqualityoflifeismeasuredbyhowmuchtheycanborrow,notbyhowmuchtheycanearn.第23页考研帮学堂电子配套讲义Eg2:Iamconvincedthatitisofgreatnecessityforyoungsterstostudyhard.Eg3：明智的人不为别人的想法所影响。—>Thesensiblemanisnotinfluencedbywhatotherpeoplethink.C表语从句：Eg1：ThatiswhyChinaiscalledthe“KingdomofBicycles”.Eg2：Youarewhatyoueat.Eg3：Inteamgames,practiceiswhatimprovesoursenseofcooperation.D同位语从句：Eg1:(MartinLutherKing)Ihaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseupandliveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed:\holdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal.\(该句中adream=that从句，)Eg2：Othersholdthedifferentideathatonlineshoppingbringsussomeproblems.3.定语从句步骤：1）先写出正确简单句，确定被修饰成分（中心名词）2）在中心名词后加入定从，关系词who,whose,whom,where,which,whenEg1.Taobaoisaparticularlypopularwebsite.—>Taobaoisaparticularlypopularwebsite,where/inwhichcustomerscanpurchasevariousgoods.Eg2：IwilladvicemyforeignfriendtovisitGreatWall,whereheorshecanacquireknowledgeofChinesehistory.4.含同位语句式A．人—>身份Eg.Iamconvincedthat…—>Asacollegestudent,Iamconvincedthat…—>I,asacollegestudent,amconvincedthat…B．物—>性质Eg.Astrongwillbringsuspower…—>Asavitalquality,astrongwillbringsuspower…—>Astrongwill,asavitalquality,bringsuspower…第24页考研帮学堂电子配套讲义5.it句式A.形式主语itis+被动/形容词/名词+that从句/todo…Eg1：Itissuggested/well-advised/supposed/proposedthatsb.should(not)do…Eg2：Itisessential/necessary/advisable/convenient/difficult/hard/comfortableforsb.(not)todoEg3：Itisessential/necessarythatsb.should(not)do…Eg4：Itisuseless/usefuldoingsth.B.形式宾语Eg1：Anincreasingnumberofstudentsfinditdifficulttospellcommonwordscorrectly.Eg2：Anincreasingnumberofparentsfindithardtohaveopportunitiestochatwithkids,whospendtoomuchtimeoncomputers.Eg3：Ahostofyoungstersfinditratherboringandhardtounderstandliterature.6.therebe:(客观存在)Eg1：（表危害主题句）Obviously,thereareseveralnegativeimpactswhichcannotbeignored.Eg2：（表原因主题句）Evidently,thereareseveralreasonsaccountingfor/responsibleforthisphenomenon.Eg3：（表建议主题句）Iamconvincedthatthereareseveralwaysinwhichparentscanhelpkidstobeindependent.第二节语言优化十二法则（二）
7.强调句A.强调谓语Eg1：Iloveyou.—>Idoloveyou.—>Ididloveyou.Eg2：Cellphone/Internet/computerbringsusconvenience.—>Cellphone/Internet/computerdoesbringusconvenience.B.强调句式：Itis/was+被强调成分+that/who+句子其他成分。【步骤】第25页考研帮学堂电子配套讲义a.先写出正确的简单句、并列句或复合句，明确单句的各个成分。b.在被强调成分（除谓语和补语外）两边添加itis/was和that/who，其他成分不变，必要时调整顺序。【强调句式特征】去掉itis/was…that/who结构，整个句子无冗余或成分残缺。Eg1：MymotheralwaysencouragesmenottoloseheartwhenIhavedifficultiesinstudy.—>Itismymotherwho/thatalwaysencouragesmenottoloseheartwhenIhavedifficultiesinstudy.—>ItiswhenIhavedifficultiesinstudythatmymotheralwaysencouragesmenottoloseheart.Eg2：Parents’protectiondoesnotenablekidstobuildupadequateabilitytofacesocialcompetition.—>（强调句式否定形式）Itisparents’protectionthatdoesnotenablekidstobuildupadequateabilitytofacesocialcompetition.Eg3：TheInternetdoesnotenablesomeyoungsterstospendadequatetimeinchattingwithothersfacetoface.—>ItistheInternetthatdoesnotenablesomeyoungsterstospendadequatetimeinchattingwithothersfacetoface.8.倒装A.表否定的副词、短语或状语位于主语之前或句首，主句半倒装(一般疑问句语序)；如never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,little,onnoaccount,bymomeans,innocase,Eg1：Iwillneveragree.—>NeverwillIagree.B.Only+状语位于句首，主句半倒装。Eg1：Whenmybelovedisbesidemyself,Icanfeelthetruehappiness.—>Onlywhenmybelovedisbesidemyself,canIfeelthetruehappiness.Eg2：Whenhiscomputercrashes,hewillcomedown-stairsforsomethingtoeat.—>Onlywhenhiscomputercrashes,willhecomedown-stairsforsomethingtoeat.Eg3：Bydoingsmallthings,teenagerscanaccumulateabilityandexperienceforsomethingbig.—>Onlydoingsmallthing,canteenagersaccumulateabilityandexperienceforsomethingbig.C．As/though倒装形式Eg1：Althoughsheisagirl,ZengYikeiscalledBrotherZeng.—>Girlassheis,ZengYikeiscalledBrotherZeng.Eg2：Thoughitisconvenient,onlineshoppingleadstosomeproblems.—>Convenientas/thoughitis,onlineshoppingleadstosomeproblems.第26页考研帮学堂电子配套讲义Eg3：Althoughitissimple,whatthepictureconveysisthought-provoking.—>Simpleasitis,whatthepictureconveysisthought-provoking.9．双重否定Eg1：no____is/aremore_____than________.—>Incontemporarysociety,nomeansofcommunicationismorepopularandcommonthancellphones.Eg2:Astrongwillisveryimportant.—>Theimportanceofastrongwillcannotbetooemphasized.Eg3:Educationhelpspeopletoacquireknowledge,skillsandnewvisions.—>Withouteducation,itisimpossibleforpeopletoacquireknowledge,skillsandnewvisions.10.Ving/ved状语A.两个动作同时发生且主语一致，将次要动作写成v-ing或v-ed形式做状语，即动作与逻辑主语之间为主动关系时写成v-ing形式、为被动关系是写成V-ed形式。Eg1:Iclimbedthestairs.Itookasuitcase.—>Iclimbedthestairs,takingasuitcase.—>Climbingthestairs,Itookasuitcase.Eg2.Whentheyarecomparedwithcars,bicyclesaresuperiorinseveralways.—>Comparedwithcars,bicyclesaresuperiorinseveralways.—>Bicycles,comparedwithcars,aresuperiorinseveralways.B．两个动作主语一致，但前后发生，则可将先发生的动作写成Having+ved形式。Eg1：Hehadlivedinthiscityforyears.Hehadnodifficultyfindingthewayhome.—>Havinglivedinthiscityforyears,hehadnodifficultyfindingthewayhome.11.排比结构（parallelism）Eg1：Studiesservefordelight,forornamentandforability.（Bacon）Eg2：Weshallfightonthehills.Weshallfightinthestreets.Weshallfightbloodandsweetandtears.（Churchill）Eg3：作为一种重要素质，自信带给我们力量、唤起我们对生活的热爱、帮助我们战胜困难。—>Asavitalquality,confidencebringsuspower,arousesourenthusiasmforlife,andhelpsustoconquerdifficulties.第27页考研帮学堂电子配套讲义12.含插入语句式插入语（Parenthesis）是插在句子中的一个词、短语或从句，通常被逗号、破折号或句子的其他部分隔开，它与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系。Eg1：AsIsee,thecausesofthisphenomenonarediverse.—>Thecausesofthisphenomenon,asIsee,arediverse.Eg2：Allofasudden,thesilenceofthelakewasbrokenbyascream.—>Thesilenceofthelake,allofasudden,wasbrokenbyascream.Eg3：Evenso,othersholdadifferentview.—>Others,evenso,holdadifferentview.Eg4：Likeanythingelse,automobileshavemorethanoneside.(汽车跟很多其他事物一样，具有两面性)—>Automobiles,likeanythingelse,havemorethanoneside.第28页