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语法复习专题(4形容词和副词

一、考点聚焦

1、形容词、副词的作用与位置

形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语,或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词,其他副词或者句子,一般位于形容词之前,动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况,须牢记; (1形容词短语作定语,定语后置。

a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high

(2表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等作定语,定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语,ill如作定语意为“bad”。

(3用作定语,修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时,通常后置。如: I have something important to tell you.

(4else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。

(5enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面,enough 修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。

(6几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是:方式→地点→时间。如: We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.

(7频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后,行为动词前。 (8副词作定语,定语后置。如: The person there is waiting for you.

(9几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:限定语(The、A+ 描绘性形容词+ s ize(大小+ shape(形状+ age(年龄、时间+ color(颜色+ o rigin(国籍、来源+ material(材料+ purpose(目的+ 名词。如:

a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,

the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings (10以-ly结尾的词性辨析。

①下列单词以-ly结尾,但却是形容词而非副词:lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。 ②表愿意(无-ly和引申意(有-ly的副词: deep深wide宽广high高low位置低

deeply深入地widely广泛地highly高度地lowly地位卑微 ③有无-ly意义大不相同的副词: dead完全,绝对be dead asleep deadly非常be deadly t ired

pretty相当be pretty certain that… prettily漂亮地be prettily dressed close近Don’t sit close.

closely密切地Watch closely!

late晚、迟arrive late, come late

lately最近I haven’t seen him lately(recently. 2、复合形容词的构成 (1形容词+ 名词+ ed

kind-hearted好心的,white-haired白发的 (2形容词+ 形容词

red-hot炽热的,dark-blue深蓝的 (3形容词+ 现在分词

good-looking好看的,easy-going随和的 (4副词+ 现在分词

hard-working勤劳的,fast-moving快速转动的 (5副词+ 过去分词

hard-won得来不易的,newly-made新建的 (6名词+ 形容词

life-long终生的,world-famous世界闻名的 (7名词+ 现在分词

peace-loving爱好和平的,fun-loving爱开玩笑的 (8名词+ 过去分词

snow-covered白雪覆盖的,hand-made手工的 (9数词+ 名词+ ed

four-storeyed 4层楼的,three-legged 3条腿的 (10数词+ 名词(名词用单数

ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的 3、形容词和副词的比较等级 (1原级的构成和用法。

构成:形容词、副词的原级即本身。

用法:表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时,用“as + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构;表示双方不相等时,用“not so(as + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构;表示一方是另一方的若干倍时,用“倍数+ as + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构。如: Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.

This building looks not so (ashigh as that one. Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you . This room is three times as large as that one. (2比较级和最高级的构成。

掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则,熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。 (3比较级的用法。

①对方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级+ than”的结构表示。如: This picture is more beautiful than that one.

②表示一方不及另一方时,用“less + 原级+ than”的结构表示。如: This room is less beautiful than that one.

③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修饰。如: He works even harder than before.

注意:英语的比较级前如无even、still或yet等时,译成汉语时可用“较”或“…一些” 或不译出,一般不可有“更”。如: She is better than she was yesterday Please come earlier tomorrow.

另注意:by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。如: He is taller by far than his brother.

He is by far the taller of the two brothers.

④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时,用“the + 比较级(主语+ 谓语,the + 比较级(主语+ 谓语”的结构(意为“越……越……”。如: The harder he works, the happier he feels.

⑤不与其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时,用“比较级+ and + 比较级”的结构。如: The weather is getting colder and colder. The girl becomes more and more beautiful.

⑥某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替than。这些词有inferior(劣等的,次的、superior(较好的,优于……、junior(资历较浅的、senior(资格较老的、prior (在……之前等。

He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.

⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复,我们通常用that(those、one(ones代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。

The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the oneon the desk. A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.

⑧倍数表达法。(AA is three(four, etc.times the size(height, length etc.of B.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(高。The new bui9lding is four times the size(the heightof the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍(高三倍。(BA is three(four, etc.times as big(high, long, etc.as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。(CA is three (four, etc.times bigger(higher, longer, etc.than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上,两倍可以用twice或double. (4最高级的用法。

①三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如: Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three. He works(thehardest in his class.

②最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰。如: