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is responsible for Organization training, and implementation, and check; 12, master workshops annual economic indicators of implementation, reporting to financial health on a regular basis; 13, is responsible for the daily oversight in the allocation and use of funds; 14, responsible for all Department statistics, collecting, sorting, reporting of accounting reports; 15, the company responsible for the supervision of the Treasury, including the \d grade\y, a library of materials, products for regular inventory handling, sampling, storage monitoring, the picking work, and provide the inventory report, and make the appropriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recycling, transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account management; 19, is responsible for the flow of control of all assets of the company, according to the changes in accounting treatment offixed assets and assets to the departments responsible for clearing, settlement and asset monthly report submitted to the asset management section of the Finance Department of the company organized on a company-wide special inspection of asset management; 20, according to the company's business activities, monthly projects involved in the business activities of the company (including expenses, business management, cost control, cash flow, revenue, etc) financial analysis, provide a basis for decisions for the company, the business of the company responsible for monitoring, forecasting and risk analysis; 21, responsible for the settlement of transactions with the Bank; 22, is第一章 计算机基础知识

1、计算机的发展阶段：经历了以下5个阶段(它们是并行关系)：大型机阶段(经历四小阶段它们是取代关系)、小型机阶段、微型机阶段、客户机/服务器阶段（对等网络与非对等网络的概念）和互联网阶段（Arpanet是在1983年第一个使用TCP/IP协议的。在1991年6月我国第一条与国际互联网连接的专线建成它从中国科学院高能物理研究所接到美国斯坦福大学的直线加速器中心。在1994年实现4大主干网互连(中国公用计算机互联网 Chinanet、中国科学技术网 Cstnet、中国教育和科研计算机网 Cernet、中国金桥信息网 ChinaGBN)） 2、计算机种类：

按照传统的分类方法：计算机可以分为6大类：大型主机、小型计算机、个人计算机、工作站、巨型计算机、小巨型机。

按照现实的分类方法：计算机可以分为5大类：服务器、工作站、台式机、笔记本、手持设备。

3、计算机的公共配置：CPU、内存（RAM）、高速缓存（Cache）、硬盘、光驱、显示器(CRT、LCD)、操作系统(OS)

4、计算机的指标：位数指CPU寄存器中能够保存数据的位数、速度(MIPS、MFLOPS)指CPU每秒钟处理的指令数通常用主频来表示CPU的处理速度、容量（B、KB、MB、GB、TB）、数据传输率（Bps）、版本和可靠性（MTBF、MTTR）。

5、计算机的应用领域：科学计算、事务处理、过程控制、辅助工程、人工智能、网络应用。（补充实例）

6、计算机系统的组成:硬件系统具有原子特性(芯片、板卡、设备、网络)与软件系统具有比特特性。且它们具有同步性。

7、奔腾芯片的技术特点: 奔腾32位芯片，主要用于台式机和笔记本，奔腾采用了RISC和CISC技术(技术特点10个请看书P8)

8、安腾芯片的技术特点：安腾是64位芯片，主要用于服务器和工作站。安腾采用简明并行指令计算（EPIC）技术

is responsible for Organization training, and implementation, and check; 12, master workshops annual economic indicators of implementation, reporting to financial health on a regular basis; 13, is responsible for the daily oversight in the allocation and use of funds; 14, responsible for all Department statistics, collecting, sorting, reporting of accounting reports; 15, the company responsible for the supervision of the Treasury, including the \d grade\y, a library of materials, products for regular inventory handling, sampling, storage monitoring, the picking work, and provide the inventory report, and make the appropriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recycling, transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account management; 19, is responsible for the flow of control of all assets of the company, according to the changes in accounting treatment offixed assets and assets to the departments responsible for clearing, settlement and asset monthly report submitted to the asset management section of the Finance Department of the company organized on a company-wide special inspection of asset management; 20, according to the company's business activities, monthly projects involved in the business activities of the company (including expenses, business management, cost control, cash flow, revenue, etc) financial analysis, provide a basis for decisions for the company, the business of the company responsible for monitoring, forecasting and risk analysis; 21, responsible for the settlement of transactions with the Bank; 22, is9、主机板与插卡的组成：

(1) 主机板简称主板(mainboard)或母板(motherboard)。由5部分组成（CPU、存储器、总线、插槽和电源）与主板的分类

(2)网络卡又称为适配器卡代号NIC，其功能为：（见书P11）

10、软件的基本概念：软件由程序(功能实现部分)与文档(功能说明部分)组成。软件是用户与计算机硬件系统之间的桥梁。

11、应用软件包括：桌面应用软件、演示出版软件、浏览工具软件、管理效率软件、通信协作软件和系统维护软件。

12、程序与文档：程序是由指令序列组成的，告诉计算计如何完成一个具体的任务。 文档是软件开发、使用和维护中的必备资料。

13、软件开发：软件的生命周期中，通常分为三大阶段，每个阶段又分若干子阶段： ⑴ 计划阶段：分为问题定义、可行性研究（是决定软件项目是否开发的关键）。 ⑵ 开发阶段：在开发前期分为需求分析、总体设计、详细设计三个子阶段，在开发后期分为编码、测试两个子阶段。前期必须形成的文档有：软件需求说明书，软件设计规格说明书。 ⑶ 运行阶段：主要任务是软件维护。为了排除软件系统中仍然可能隐含的错误，扩充软件功能。

14、编程语言：（机器语言与汇编语言都依赖于具体的机器，汇编语言与高级语言都需要编译）

⑴ 机器语言：能被计算机直接理解和执行，速度快，但该种语言难记、难学、难懂。 ⑵ 汇编语言：用英文助记符和十进制数代替二进制码，使机器语言变成了汇编语言。汇编语言属于低级语言。汇编语言要通过汇编程序把汇编语言翻译成机器语言程序计算机才能执行。

⑶ 高级语言：高级语言是一种面向问题或过程的语言。它是近似于日常会话的语言。它不但直观、易学，而且通用性强。高级语言要通过编译（或解释）翻译成机器语言才能执行。 15、媒体的概念与分类:

is responsible for Organization training, and implementation, and check; 12, master workshops annual economic indicators of implementation, reporting to financial health on a regular basis; 13, is responsible for the daily oversight in the allocation and use of funds; 14, responsible for all Department statistics, collecting, sorting, reporting of accounting reports; 15, the company responsible for the supervision of the Treasury, including the \d grade\y, a library of materials, products for regular inventory handling, sampling, storage monitoring, the picking work, and provide the inventory report, and make the appropriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recycling, transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account management; 19, is responsible for the ow of control of all assets of the company, according to the changes in accounting treatment offixed assets and assets to the departments responsible for clearing, settlement and asset monthly report submitted to the asset management section of the Finance Department of the company organized on a company-wide special inspection of asset management; 20, according to the company's business activities, monthly projects involved in the business activities of the company (including expenses, business management, cost control, cash flow, revenue, etc) financial analysis, provide a basis for decisions for the company, the business of the company responsible for monitoring, forecasting and risk analysis; 21, responsible for the settlement of transactions with the Bank; 22, is (1) 媒体的概念:信息的载体

(2)媒体的分类：传输媒体、表现媒体、表示媒体、感觉媒体

16、多媒体的基本概念：指有声有色的信息处理与利用技术。多媒体技术可划分为偏硬件技术和偏软件技术两部分。

17、MPC的组成：具有CD-ROM、具有A/D和D/A转换功能、具有高清晰的彩色显示器、具有数据压缩与解压缩的硬件支持

18、多媒体的关键技术：数据压缩与解压缩技术、芯片与插卡技术、多媒体操作系统技术、多媒体数据管理技术。 19、超文本与超媒体的概念：

(1)超文本是非线性非顺序的而传统文本是线性的顺序的。

(2)超文本概念：超文本是收集、存储和浏览离散信息以及建立和表现信息之间关系的技术。 (3)超媒体的组成：当信息载体不限于文本时，称之为超媒体。超媒体技术是一种典型的数据管理技术，它是由称之为结点(node)和表示结点之间联系的链(link)组成的有向图（网络），用户可以对其进行浏览、查询和修改等操作。

(4)超媒体系统的组成：编辑器、导航工具、超媒体语言

第二章 网络的基本概念

1、信息技术涉及内容：信息的收集、储存、处理、传输与利用。 2、计算机网络形成与发展大致分为如下4个阶段： （1）第一个阶段20世纪50年代

（2） 第二个阶段以20世纪60年代美国的APPANET与分组交换技术为重要标志。 （3） 第三个阶段从20世纪70年代中期开始。 （4） 第四个阶段是20世纪90年代开始。 3、计算机网络的基本特征：资源共享。

4、计算机网络的定义：把分布在不同地理位置上的自治计算机通过通信设备和