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CHAPTER 6 SEMANTICS

Hyponymy: Superordinate or Hyponyms

Superordinate: bird tool

Hyponyms: crow hawk duck etc. hammer saw chisel etc. (or superordinate)

Hyponyms Kestrel sparrowhawk etc. hacksaw jigsaw etc.

Hyponymy is a ?one-way? relation. We say that being an animal is a necessary condition for being a lion; it is not, however, a sufficient condition, an animal is of course not a type of lion.

Creature

animal bird fish reptile

lion dog cow sparrow eagle ostrich trout eel shark snake lizard newt

Verbs also enter into hyponymy relations. We can use the test sentence for a simple test: X-ing is a sort of / type of Y-ing.

get move

borrow steal find buy walk run stagger crawl

Thus we can say borrowing is a sort of getting and crawling is a type of moving.

Meronymy and Meronyms

We can use the next systems to show this relationship:

Car body

wheel engine door window etc. arm leg

piston valve etc. elbow wrist knee ankle

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6.1.1 Semantic Features or Componential Analysis

For example: Male Previous Related by

generation birth

aunt - + - uncle + + - mother - + + father + + + son + - + daughter - - +

niece……. Nephew grandfather

figure 6.1(adapted from Poole 2000:27)

The assignment of Thematic Roles:

We can illustrate such kind of thematic roles in the following sentences: 1. John sold the book to Mary. agent theme goal

2. Mary bought the book from John. agent theme source 3. The boy opened the door with the key. agent theme instrument 4. Mary fell over.

theme/patient

5. John killed Harry. agent / causer patient

6. They baked me a cake. agent beneficiary patient 7. The audience enjoyed the play. experiencer theme

8. John got Mary a present. agent recipient/ possessor theme 9. John went home. theme goal

10. The band played in a hall. agent location

EXERCISES

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Exercises I

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

Which of the following statements are true? Tennis is a hyponym of sport.

Pea and vegetable are co-hyponyms. Plant is a superordinate of tree. Lamb is a hyponym of creature.

Lemon and tomato are co-hyponyms. Poker is a hyponym of game. Game is a hyponym of sport. Poker is a hyponym of sport. Bread is a co-hyponym of butter. Disease is a superordinate influenza.

Swing and toy are co-hyponyms.

Exercises II

There are several kinds of antonymy. Please indicate whether the pairs in columns A and B are complementary, gradable, or relational opposites.

A B C good bad gradable expensive cheap ________ parent offspring ________ beautiful ugly ________ false true ________ pass fail ________ hot cold ________ legal illegal ________ poor rich ________ fast slow ________ asleep awake ________ husband wife ________

rude polite ________

Exercises III

Complete the following diagram by (a) devising a category that distinguishes the word bus from the word car, and (b) giving the appropriate symbol against each component for the word motorcycle.

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