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ress, the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. The Bill of Rights and subsequent constitutional amendments guarantee the American people the fullest possible opportunity to enjoy fundamental human rights.

5.What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different?

the United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party, which was formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West, such as Abraham Lincoln, who wanted the government to prevent the expansion of slavery into new states then being admitted to the union. The symbol of the Republican Party is the elephant. UNIT 5

1. do you agree that cultivators of the earth are most valuable citizen?

Yes, I do agree the point that “cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens”. My reasons for my agreement can be illustrated as follows:

Firstly, though outward ['a?tw?rd] forms have changed, the vital importance of agriculture has not. Agriculture provides the sustenance ['s?st?n?ns] that meets people’s most basic needs. Agriculture and its

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related industries serve as the foundation of American economic life Secondly, They have shown a spirit of individualism that the rest of society has admired. To a large extent, agricultural values have been adopted and celebrated by the society as a whole.

Thirdly, American agriculture is big business. It provides the rest world with lots of food. So as the main body of agriculture, cultivators ['k?lt?.ve?t?r] of the earth contribute a lot to American’s economic. 2. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it? In order to invest, individuals do not have to have a great deal of money: they can buy just a small portion ['p?r?(?)n] of a business—called a share. The business of buying and selling shares in enterprises has become so big that offices have had to be set up where the selling of shares, or stock, can take place. These places, located in many cities in the United States and around the world, are called stock exchanges. 3.Give examples of industries which are declining, and industries which are fast developing in the US.

Generally speaking, declining industries would be industries where labor cost is high and its growth potential is limited. The Auto industry is in a declining state but of course if they reinvent[.ri?n'vent] their automobiles things could pick up for them. Developing industries would be the hi tech sector. Especially in companies that are developing new

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types of technology to help our environment by developing new types of technology in many areas. Especially energy conservation technology and new types of alternative energies. Also, new types of technology where we would be using fewer resources for our daily usage['jus?d?]. 4.What is the current economic situation in America? How did the great recession begin?what does it show?

(1) In late 2007 the US economy suffered a severe recession, it was a crisis that began in America but soon turned global. Millions of people in America and all over the world lost their homes and jobs. It has resulted in the collapse [k?'l?ps] of large financial institutions, and downturns in stock markets around the world.

(2) Many economists believe that the problems are revealing [r??vi?l??] defects in the free market system and US government financial policies. (3) Question the soundness of this country's economy and even the appropriate shape of a capitalist system. UNIT 6

1 In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?

A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists['di?st], believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs. Many traditional Protestants ['prɑt?st?nt] and

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deists could agree, however,\men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights,\laws of Nature and Nature's God\Among the rights that the new nation guaranteed, as a political necessity[n?'ses?ti] in a religiously diverse society, was freedom of religion. The First Amendment insured that American government would not meddle ['med(?)l] in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens.

2 What is the relationship between government and religion in America?

In some ways, the government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes in theUnited States. But government does not pay ministers' salaries or require any belief—not even a belief in God—as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead

3 What promotes the diversity in American religion? Continuous immigration.

The united states has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Frontier American provided plenty of room to set up a new church or found a new community.

Many religious communities and secular utopias [ju'to?pi?], or

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experiments in new forms of social livingwere founded in 18th, and 19th century America.

Other world religions are increasing their numbers and influence in America such as Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism.

4. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?

First of all, Americans with different religions live together under the same law.

Secondly, the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress.In Europe, scientific and economic advance and rising material prosperity have accompanied by a decline in religious observance bu in the US, this has not happened.

Thirdly, in the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.There has been little concentration on doctrine or religious argument such as in European history. Unit7

1.What is the main theme in American to the author? How does the author illustrate his point?

1. American literature has recorded the story of a quest. 2.By listing historical factors and examples:

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