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alleviation crucial further development to accelerate the process of well-off society has created a great opportunity. 18 since the Central and provincial poverty alleviation and development into the overall strategic planning, priority and \ct\s of policies now focus, development measures have all been clear. We want to seize the opportunity, precision application strategy, focus punch, break \development of old revolutionary and a series of policy measures in areas such as infrastructure, public services, promoting high standards, support, and more opportunities for us to accelerate development, provide greater support. From provinces policy oriented see, \ng, and \nd \s, major action speed up implementation, ecological security barrier, and long East energy chemical base construction, major strategy intensive introduced, and provincial \e\both\nd municipal \\sion deployment, concentrated release has many policy good. In particular Gansu Silk Road economic belt of gold and heritage of Chinese civilization construction of advancing the innovation zone, jingchuan based advantage, create node cities and provide a broader space in core areas. From I County project resources see, national ecological civilization pilot engineering model County and cycle economic model County two a national project landing implementation, will in country province level won more support; Pingliang to jingchuan city inter fast channel, and xiping railway double track, major project into provinces plate, will further upgrade I County traffic hub and channel economic status; paper Brigade integrated body, and Zhu Jia Jian reservoir, and agricultural PV power, and gas utilization, and commodity trading and the agricultural wholesale market, and Million tonnes of controlled atmosphere fruit and freezing and drying food production line, a number of major projects implemented, handicap, Liu Lihe reservoir project work smoothly, these projects originated from the \-Five\ccumulate, to develop their potential in the \se. Orient, is to deepen the understanding of accurate. After years of the revision, development of jingchuan stand on a new historical starting point, features of economic and social development has changed significantly. Comprehensive construction of well-off society in entering the showdown to win stage, dual action and poor precision, driven by County poverty dropped from 37.5% to 11.2%. Full implementation of the \ogramme, ensure the timely realization of poverty, poor people to achieve well-off society, we must battle tasks. From the perspective of current income, poor village, the poor generally lack strong industrial support, most rely on service revenue, along with the deepening of structural reform, low skills, hard work will become increasingly difficult, labor income jump more and more第五章 养鸡场设施与设备

本章学习目标：

掌握鸡的生物学特性和行为特点，现代养鸡的生产特点，鸡舍种类及特点，鸡

舍建筑要求，孵化条件和孵化场的基本要求；了解鸡场的各种设备。

第一节 现代养鸡生产的特点

一、鸡的生物学特性和行为习性

鸡群的生物学特点和行为习性是养鸡场工程设计的生物学依据，无论是总体环境规划、场地区划，还是鸡舍建筑以及设备选型等所有工程设施，都必须符合鸡群的生物学特点和行为习性要求。

1．鸡的体躯矮小，活动空间有限

鸡的个体小，垂直高度在350mm左右，空间活动范围一般在500mm高度内，故鸡群所接受的环境影响范围是500mm的空间高度。

2．鸡的代谢旺盛

成年鸡的体温为41～42℃，比哺乳动物高5℃左右，每分钟呼吸36次，心跳300次左右，代谢十分旺盛。

3．初生雏鸡体温调节能力差

对鸡而言，生长过程中最合适的环境温度为15～25℃。 4．鸡的生长迅速，繁殖率高 5．鸡怕热怕潮湿

6．鸡的神经类型活跃

7．鸡喜群居，好争斗，爱模仿 8．鸡的抗病力差

9．鸡群适合于集约化规模饲养 二、现代养鸡生产的特点

现代养鸡是家禽的自然再生产过程和社会再生产过程在更高程度上的有机结合，它是把先进的科学技术和工业设备应用于养鸡事业，用管理现代经济的科学方法管理养鸡生产，充分合理地利用饲料、设备，发挥鸡的遗传潜力，高效率地生产鸡肉、鸡蛋。

其主要特点是：

1．生产工厂化、集约化 2．经营专业化、配套化 3．管理机械化、自动化 4．品种系列化、杂交化 5．饲料全价化、平衡化

第二节 鸡舍建筑

一 、鸡舍种类及特点

alleviation crucial further development to accelerate the process of well-off society has created a great opportunity. 18 since the Central and provincial poverty alleviation and developmnt into the overall strategic planning, priority and \ct\s of policies now focus, development measures have all been clear. We want to seize the opportunity, precision application strategy, focus punch, break \development of old revolutionary and a series of policy measures in areas such as infrastructure, public services, promoting high standards, support, and more opportunities for us to accelerate development, provide greater support. From provinces policy oriented see, \ng, and \nd \s, major action speed up implementation, ecological security barrier, and long East energy chemical base construction, major strategy intensive introduced, and provincial \e\both\nd municipal \\sion deployment, concentrated release has many policy good. In particular Gansu Silk Road economic belt of gold and heritage of Chinese civilization construction of advancing the innovation zone, jingchuan based advantage, create node cities and provide a broader space in core areas. From I County project resources see, national ecological civilization pilot engineering model County and cycle economic model County two a national project landing implementation, will in country province level won more support; Pingliang to jingchuan city inter fast channel, and xiping railway double track, major project into provinces plate, will further upgrade I County traffic hub and channel economic status; paper Brigade integrated body, and Zhu Jia Jian reservoir, and agricultural PV power, and gas utilization, and commodity trading and the agricultural wholesale market, and Million tonnes of controlled atmosphere fruit and freezing and drying food production line, a number of major projects implemented, handicap, Liu Lihe reservoir project work smoothly, these projects originated from the \-Five\ccumulate, to develop their potential in the \se. Orient, is to deepen the understanding of accurate. After years of the revision, development of jingchuan stand on a new historical starting point, features of economic and social development has changed significantly. Comprehensive construction of well-off society in entering the showdown to win stage, dual action and poor precision, driven by County poverty dropped from 37.5% to 11.2%. Full implementation of the \ogramme, ensure the timely realization of poverty, poor people to achieve well-off society, we must battle tasks. From the perspective of current income, poor village, the poor generally lack strong industrial support, most rely on service revenue, along with the deepening of structural reform, low skills, hard work will become increasingly difficult, labor income jump more and more 鸡舍分类的方法有很多，根据建筑结构，鸡舍可分为密闭式，有窗式，开敞式三种类型；按饲养方式则可分为平养舍，笼养舍；按所养鸡的种类可分为种鸡舍、蛋鸡舍和肉鸡舍；按生长阶段可分为育雏，育成，成鸡鸡舍。 （一）密闭式鸡舍

又称无窗鸡舍。鸡舍四壁无窗(可设应急窗)，隔绝自然光源，完全采用人工光照和机械通风，基本不受或很少受外界环境的影响。这种鸡舍对电的依赖性极强，为耗能型、高投资的鸡舍建筑。 （二）有窗式鸡舍

又称半开放式鸡舍。在南北两侧壁设窗户，作进风口，通过开窗机构来调节窗的开启程度。

（三）开放式鸡舍

为利用自然环境因素的节能型鸡舍建筑。 （四）其他形式鸡舍

1．连栋式鸡舍

即将一个较大生产规模的鸡群所需要的若干栋鸡舍以共同隔墙全部联合在一起，使其成为一体。

2．高密度叠层笼养鸡舍

20世纪80年代末90年代初，我国农村就出现了农户家庭叠层式规模养鸡，一般采用单栋鸡舍，若鸡多时则采用连栋结构，每栋鸡舍内采用三层叠层笼养，每层鸡笼下用承粪板，采集的干鸡粪用于还田。 二、鸡舍建筑设计要求

1．创造适宜的养鸡环境 2．适合工厂化生产的工艺 3．采用合理技术措施 4．经济性

5．满足鸡舍建筑物的美观及与鸡场总平面布置的统一协调

一、育雏设备

（一）育雏笼

育雏阶段是鸡一生中最关键的一个时期。目前国内外普遍采用四层笼养育雏工艺，所用的叠层育雏笼有电加热和不加热二种。 （二）电热育雏伞

在网上或地面散养雏鸡时，采用电热育雏伞可以提高雏鸡体质和成活率。 二、笼具

笼具是现代化养鸡的主体设备，不同笼养设备适用于不同的鸡群。

1、鸡笼设备按组合形式可分为：全阶梯式、半阶梯式、叠层式、复合式和平置式；

2、按几何尺寸可分为：深型笼和浅型笼；

3、按鸡的种类分为：蛋鸡笼、肉鸡笼和种鸡笼；

4、按鸡的体重分为：轻型蛋鸡笼、中型蛋鸡笼和肉种鸡笼。

第三节 鸡场设备

alleviation crucial further development to accelerate the process of well-off society has created a great opportunity. 18 since the Central and provincial poverty alleviation and development into the overall strategic planning, priority and \ct\ies of policies now focus, development measures have all been clear. We want to seize the opportunity, precision application strategy, focus punch, break \development of old revolutionary and a series of policy measures in areas such as infrastructure, public services, promoting high standards, support, and more opportunities for us to accelerate development, provide greater support. From provinces policy oriented see, \ng, and \nd \s, major action speed up implementation, ecological security barrier, and long East energy chemical base construction, major strategy intensive introduced, and provincial \e\both\nd municipal \, and \sion deployment, concentrated release has many policy good. In particular Gansu Silk Road economic belt of gold and heritage of Chinese civilization construction of advancing the innovation zone, jingchuan based advantage, create node cities and provide a broader space in core areas. From I County project resources see, national ecological civilization pilot engineering model County and cycle economic model County two a national project landing implementation, will in country province level won more support; Pingliang to jingchuan city inter fast channel, and xiping railway double track, major project into provinces plate, will further upgrade I County traffic hub and channel economic status; paper Brigade integrated body, and Zhu Jia Jian reservoir, and agricultural PV power, and gas utilization, and commodity trading and the agricultural wholesale market, and Million tonnes of controlled atmosphere fruit and freezing and drying food production line, a number of major projects implemented, handicap, Liu Lihe reservoir project work smoothly, these projects originated from the \-Five\ccumulate, to develop their potential in the \-Five\se. Orient, is to deepen the understanding of accurate. After years of the revision, development of jingchuan stand on a new historical starting point, features of economic and social development has changed significantly. Comprehensive construction of well-off society in entering the showdown to win stage, dual action and poor precision, driven by County poverty dropped from 37.5% to 11.2%. Full implementation of the \ogramme, ensure the timely realization of poverty, poor people to achieve well-off society, we must battle tasks. From the perspective of current income, poor village, the poor generally lack strong industrial support, most rely on service revenue, along with the deepening of structural reform, low skills, hard work will become increasingly difficult, labor income jump more and more（一）全阶梯式鸡笼

全阶梯式鸡笼为2~3层，其优点是：①各层笼敞开面积大，通风好，光照均匀；②清粪作业比较简单；③结构较简单，易维修；④机器故障或停电时便于人工操作。其缺点是：饲养密度较低。

（二）半阶梯式鸡笼

为了进一部提高饲养密度，在全阶梯式笼养基础上，将上下层之间部分重叠，形成了半阶梯鸡笼。其舍饲密度较全阶梯高，一般可提高30%左右，但是比层叠式低。与全阶梯鸡笼相比，由于挡粪板的阻碍，通风效果较差，但操作更加方便，容易观察鸡群状态。

（三）叠层式鸡笼

将半阶梯式鸡笼上下层完全重叠，就形成了叠层式鸡笼，层与层之间有输送带将鸡粪清走。其优点是：舍饲密度高，鸡场占地面积大大降低，提高了饲养人员的生产效率；但是对鸡舍建筑、通风设备和清粪设备的要求较高。

（四）种鸡笼

有单层鸡笼和人工授精种鸡笼。与一般的鸡笼有所不同，种鸡笼为了确保公母鸡正常交配或人工授精，应注意：①单笼尺寸与笼网片钢丝直径要适应种鸡体重较大的特点；②一般每个单笼只养2只母鸡；③笼门结构要便于抓鸡进行人工授精。

（五）育成鸡笼

为了提高育成鸡的成活率和均匀度，增加舍饲密度和便于管理，育成鸡笼普遍得到应用。一般育成鸡笼为3~4层，6~8个单笼。

（六）育雏育成一段式鸡笼

在蛋鸡饲养两段制的地区，普遍使用该鸡笼。该鸡笼的特点是鸡可以从1日龄一直饲养到产蛋前（100日龄左右），减少转群对鸡的应激和劳动强度。鸡笼为三层，雏鸡阶段只使用中间一层，随着鸡的长大，逐渐分散到上下两层。

三、饮水设备

饮水设备分为以下五种：乳头式、吊塔式、真空式、杯式和水槽式。 四、喂饲设备

在鸡的饲养管理中，喂料耗用的劳动量较大，因此大型机械化鸡场为提高劳动效率，采用机械喂料系统。

喂料系统包括：贮料塔、输料机、喂料机和饲槽等四个部分。 五、清粪设备

鸡舍内的清粪方式有：人工清粪和机械清粪两种。

机械清粪常用设备有：刮板式清粪机、传送带式清粪机和抽屉式清粪机。 刮粪板式清粪机多用于阶梯式笼养和网上平养；传送带式清粪机多用于叠层式笼养；抽屉式清粪板多用于小型叠层式鸡笼。 六、环境控制设备

（一）光照设备 （二）通风设备

（三）湿垫风机降温系统 七、孵化设备