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2018年可锐考研英语优秀阅读文章赏析（一）
Deep-sea exploration
深海探索
The age of Aquarius 1
宝瓶 时代1
Inner space is almost as hard to explore as outer space.
探太空难，察深海亦不易。
JAMES CAMERON knows how to make a splash. Literally. On March 25th the director of TheTerminator , Titanic and Avatar plunged into the Challenger Deep2 of the Mariana Trench, 500km from Guam. When he reached the bottom, he sent a self-congratulatorytweet, and then tootled about for a couple of hours before taking Deepsea Challenger, hislime-green one-man submarine, back up the 11km to the surface.
詹姆斯·卡梅隆知道怎么制造轰动。确实是这样。3月25日，这位执导过 终结者 、 泰坦尼克 和 阿凡达 的导演来到了距关岛500千米的马里亚纳海沟，一头扎进了挑战者深渊2 。当他到达海底的时候，他发了一条庆祝自己的推特，接着又唠叨了大概两个小时，才上浮11千米将他石灰青色的单人潜艇-深海挑战者号带出海面。
This venture certainly scores high in the jaw-dropping department. The only other people toplumb the Challenger Deep-as its name suggests, the most profound point in the ocean—were Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, who did so in 1960, in a vessel called Trieste. Thelatest dive, however, was not very successful on the scientific front. It brought back nospecimens.
这次冒险在劲爆度这方面当然是拿下高分。此外只有雅克?皮卡和唐纳德·沃尔什探索过挑战者深渊——正如其名，它是海洋的最深点——他俩于1960年驾驶里雅斯特号深海潜艇下潜至此处。然而，这新近一潜在科学层面却并不那么成功，因为它没有带回任何标本。
This was in sharp contrast to a less publicised mission, to the paltry depth of 2.5km, wherethe pressure is a mere 250 times that of the atmosphere . This was organised by Ifremer, France s oceanographic institute. Itsthree-man craft, Nautile , not only brought back samples, but brought them back alive.
这与一项不太为人所知的行动形成了鲜明对比，后者只下潜到区区2.5千米，承受了250个大气压。这次行动是由法国海洋开发研究院组织实施，派出三人潜艇鹦鹉螺号，不仅带回了标本，而且个个活蹦乱跳。
That is no mean feat. Because creatures of the deep ocean have evolved to tolerate so
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muchpressure, their cell membranes tend to liquefy when that pressure is released. To stopthis happening Nautile s samples were transported in a special chamber called PERISCOP.This chamber, designed by Bruce Shillito and Gerard Hamel, of Pierre and Marie CurieUniversity, in Paris, is a tank with a capacity of 2.7 litres which is capable of containing apressure of more than 200 atmospheres.
那可真不简单。因为深海生物已经进化得能够耐受如此高压，一旦压力消失，它们的细胞膜就会溶解。为了不让这种情况发生，鹦鹉螺号上的标本被置于一个叫做 潜望镜 的特殊腔体中进行运输。这个腔体由巴黎居里大学的布鲁斯·希利托和杰拉德·哈默设计，就是一个容量2.7升的水罐，能够承受200个大气压的压强。
In 2008 PERISCOP was used to reel in a live fish from a then-record depth of 2.3km. The fishhad been living near an underwater hot spring, known as a hydrothermal vent, in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This time, Nautile s mother ship, L Atalante, had spent three weeks trawlingaround a similar vent in the East Pacific Ridge as part of the MESCAL project, acollaboration between a dozen American and European oceanographic research institutions.On March 26th she sailed into Manzanillo, in Mexico, bearing a trove of specimens including adozen or so Pompeii worms. These polychaetes are themost heat-tolerant animals known. They are able to live at 60°C. Biologists would like tounderstand how they do it.
2008年， 潜望镜 曾被用来从深海打回一条活鱼，2.8千米的深度在当时创了记录。那条鱼生活在中大西洋海脊的一个水下热泉附近，也就是所谓的深海热液喷口。这一次，鹦鹉螺号的母船亚特兰大号在东太平洋海脊一处相似的热泉附近网了三个星期鱼，这也是欧美十几个海洋研究所合作项目 龙舌兰 的一部分。3月26日，亚特兰大号满载着捕鱼所获——包括大约十几只庞贝虫在内的众多标本，驶入了墨西哥的曼萨尼略港。这些多毛类环虫是已知最耐热的动物。它们能在60摄氏度的环境中生存。生物学家想要了解它们如何做到这点的。
To help them find out L Atalante has been fitted with a second chamber, BALIST, into whichPERISCOP s catch can be transferred. Researchers on board ship were thus able to study theworms alive for several weeks. For the unfortunate worms, however, Manzanillo was theend of the line. They were killed, frozen and transported back to France.
为了帮助生物学家找出所以然，亚特兰大号安装了一个附加的腔体 十字弓 ， 潜望镜 捕获的生物可以转移进去。这样，载驳船上的研究人员就能够在数周时间中研究活体虫子。但是，对于这些不幸的虫儿来说，曼萨尼略就是它们生命的终点。它们被杀死，冷冻后运回到法国。
二．
Corporate transparency
公司透明度
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Measuring mud.
度量一团烂泥。
How transparent are the world s biggest listed companies?
世界最大的上市公司们的透明度如何?
ARE you cheating on your spouse? If so, please stand up and declare it. Total silence?What virtuous readers The Economist has.
你有欺骗你的伴侣吗?如果有，请站出来，承认你的所作所为。一言不发?《经济学家》的读者们都是这样的品德高尚啊。
Trying to measure corruption is a bit like surveying adultery. Those who indulge in it areunlikely to admit it. So when surveying big companies, Transparency International , ananti-corruption watchdog, asks a different question: how transparent are you?
尝试去估量贪腐的程度深浅，看起来有点像是调查通奸的情况如何。那些在这方面放纵自己的人们不太可能承认自己的行为。所以当透明国际，一个反腐败检查组织，在调查大公司的透明度时，问了一个不太一样的问题：你们有多透明?
Its latest survey, Transparency in Corporate Reporting , looks at the world s 105 biggestlisted firms. It measures three things. First, a company s internal rules and procedures toprevent corruption. Second, the transparency of its organisational structure. Third, TIasks whether a firm publishes detailed financial information about its activities in everycountry where it operates, including how much it pays in taxes and royalties to eachgovernment.
该组织去年的调查工作， 公司报表中的透明度 ，涉及了全球105家最大的上市公司。调查衡量了三项指标。首先，公司内部杜绝贪腐规定与程序。其次，公司的组织结构透明度。再次，透明国际询问他们是否在每一个有自己公司运营的国家，都公开了，关于各项经济活动的详细财务报告，其中的信息包括公司付了多少税费和 使用费 给当地政府。
Most firms in the sample have strict rules barring bribery. The average score on this countwas 69%, up from 47% in 2009, the last time TI conducted a similar exercise. Many firmsalso disclose ample details about which holding company owns which subsidiary, and soforth. Of the 105 companies, 45 scored a perfect 100% for organisational transparency.
抽样样本中，大多数公司都有严格的规定，以用来禁绝行贿受贿。在这方面的平均得分是69%，较2009年，上一次透明国际进行同类调查时的数字—— 47%，上涨了不少。很多公司也披露了大量的，关与母公司与子公司控股情况等等方面的详细信息。而在105家公司中，有45家在组织结构透明度中得到了完美的100分。