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1.Classicism(古典主义): A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. 2. Critical Realism批判现实主义: Realism is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or reflecting faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both to a literary method based on detailed accuracy1of description (i. e. verisimilitude) and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life. 4. Enlightenment启蒙主义: Enlightenment is an intellectual movement in Europe in 18th century. It was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other feudal survivals. It was so called because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the society was the enlightenment or ―education of the people. 5. Renaissance文艺复兴: Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Hence, humanism, which reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, is the key-note of the Renaissance. The greatest of the English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespeare.

6 Soliloquy(独白): Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud.. 7. Neoclassicism新古典主义: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism. 8. Romanticism浪漫主义: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature. 9. Sentimentalism感伤主义:it came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain Enlighteners in social reality. (The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. ) The philosophy of the enlighteners, through rational and materialistic in its essence, did not exclude senses, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cult of nature and, a cult of a \t human and natural manner, contrary to the artful and hypocritical aristocrats. 10. Sonnet十四行诗: Sonnet is a type of poem consisting of one single fourteen-line stanza. It was perfected by the Italian poet in the 13th century and introduced into England in the early 16th century. English sonnets in terms of structure, largely fall into two classes: Italian form (It consists of 14 iambic pentameter lines: the first 8 lines form the octet, which rhymes, the remaining 6 lines) and the Shakespearian (or English form) form. The former divides its 14 lines of iambic pentameters into two parts: one o

ctet--- abbaabba and the other sestet--cdecde; while the latter consists of three quatrains (abab cdcd efef) and a final couplet（gg）. The three quatrains develop the poem’s subject consistently and the couplet condenses the emotion into an epigram. Shakespeare and Milton are very good at sonnet.11.Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体) A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. Traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry, a sequence of rhyming paris of iambic pentameter. 11. Metaphysical poetry玄学派: Metaphysical poetry is a kind of realistic, often ironic and witty, verse combining intellectual ingenuity and psychological insight written partly in reaction to the conventions of Elizabethan love poetry by such seventeenth-century poets as John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Thomas Traherne, and Andrew Marvell. One of its hallmarks is the metaphysical conceit, a particularly arresting and ingenious type of metaphor. The features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 12. The Victorian period(维多利亚时期) In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass. They were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>Their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actualim provement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period. 13. University Wits(大学才子) :refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights.They were called” University Wits”14. Gothic novel(哥特式小说) :Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement. It is futile to struggle against one's fate. The mysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel; it is so replete with bloodcurdling scenes and unnatural feelings that it is justly called \of horror\15. Historical novel(历史小说)：A novel in which the action takes place during a specitic historical well before the time of writing. And in which some attempt to make to depict accuratlly the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined--- is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome, the pioneers of this genre were walter scott and cooper. 16.Dramatic monologue (戏剧独白)is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.

3. Chaucer

His career can be divided into several periods ： The Canterbury tales <坎特伯雷故事集>

He got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own way. The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales。

写作风格：1) it gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time 2) the dramatic structure 3) Chaucer’s humor 4) Chaucer’s contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige of the English language. 贡献：(①Chaucer's language now called Middle English is vivid, smooth and exact. He is the first great poet writing in the current English. 2. His contribution is to lies chiefly in his introduction of various rhymed stanzas of various types. Especially he introduced rhymed stanzas from France to English, instead of the old alliterative Angle Saxon poetry.3.He is the first great poet to write in the current English. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consist of several dialect, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London as the foundation for modern English speech.) William Shakespeare

生平–1592, arrived in London doing very mean jobs, then he joined Lord chamberlain’s company, became very famous. He became a shareholder in the Globe and bought a big house in his hometown. He bought a coat of arms for his father。出生地：Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire。作品 -2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnets His plays-1,Histories and comedies 2.Tragedies 3.Romances The importance of his writing( more can be added) ：

1) Shakespeare represented the tread of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.( peace) ;2) Shakespeare’s humanism. His plays reflected the spirit of his age;3He was a great poet ;4. He was a master of the English languae. 5） His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI ;6） 十八行诗：Sonnet 18 is one of his most beautiful sonnets. In the poem he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poetry. The rhyme of the poem is abab cdcd efef gg.

Construction: a. Shakespeare's plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources. b. He would shorten the time and intensify the story. There are usually several threads running through the play.

中古时期

1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》Sir Gawain and Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》 2.Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里 乔叟）：The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》 文艺复兴时期

1.Thomas More: Utopia《乌托邦》Francis Bacon: Essays《随笔集》Thus Wyatt 2.Edmund Spenser: The Fairy Queen《仙后》

3.William Shakespeare: Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day) 四大悲剧：Hamlet King Lear Mecbeth

喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》；Twelfth Night《第十二夜》 悲喜剧：Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 17世纪英国文学

1.John Donne: A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分离：莫忧伤》 2.John Milton: Paradise Lost《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》 3.John Bunyan: Pilgrim's Progress《天路历程》 18世纪英国文学 Novel：

1.the age of reason, classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism (novels, prose, dramas, poetry) 2.Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》 3.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels《格列佛游记》

4.Henry Fielding: The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling《汤姆 琼斯》 4.Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》 5.Alexander Pope: An Essay on Criticism《论批评》

6.William Blake: pre-romantic; Songs of Innonce《天真之歌》，Songs of Experience《经验之歌》7.Robert Burns: A Red Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》

Drama: Richard Brinsley Sheridan: The School for Scandal《造谣学校》 浪漫主义时期1798-1832

1.William Wordsworth: the Lake Poets; The Prelude《序曲》；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》；The Solitary Reaper《孤寂的割麦女》；features: poet of nature and human heart 2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》

3.George Gordon Byron: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage《恰尔德 哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan《唐 璜》When We Two Parted《昔日依依别》；She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影中》；The Isles of Greece《哀希腊》

4.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》-赞颂西风，希望与其紧密相连; Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression)

5.John Keats: sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery; Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》；Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》

6.Walter Scott: Father of Historical Novel; combine historical fact and romantic imagination 7.Jane Austen: wit, dry humour, subtle irony,realistic; Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》(Elizabeth and Darcy)；Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》；Emma《爱玛》

8.Charles Lamb: Poor Relations《穷亲戚》; Dream-children《童年梦幻》; A Reverie《幻想曲》 维多利亚时期

1.summit： realistic novel

2.Charles Dickens: critical realist writer; humour, wit, happy endings; A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(London & Paris, where there is oppression, there is revolution); David Copperfield《大卫 科波菲尔》；Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》；Hard Time《艰难时世》；Great Expectations《远大前程》； Dombey and Son《董贝父子》；Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》 3.William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair《名利场》(to satirize the social more, decadence and corruption of his time; to criticize the values measured by wealth)

4.George Eliot: novelist, her novels are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights; Adam Bede《亚当 比德》(social inequality)；The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》； Silas Marner《织工马南》

5.Alfred Tennyson: succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; Break, Break, Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍吧》；Crossing the Bar《过沙洲》

6.Robert Browning: dramatic monologues; My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》 7.The Bronte Sisters: Charlotte: Jane Eyre Emily: Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》 Anne: Agnes Gray《安格尼斯 格雷》

20世纪英国文学

1.Thomas Hardy: feature:past and modern, critical, realism, determinism; Tess of The D'urbervillles《德伯家的苔丝》；Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》 2.John Galsworthy: From the Four Winds《四季的风》；The Man of Property《有产业的人》；The Silver Box《银盒》

3.George Bernard Shaw:《华伦夫人的职业》；Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》; The Apple Cart《苹果车》

4.Oscar Wilde: aestheticism; The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子》；The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林 格雷的画像》

5.D.H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers《儿子和情人》； The White Peacock《白孔雀》 6.Virginia Woolf: stream-of- consciousness; feminist; To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》；Mrs Dalloway《达洛维夫人》

James Joyce: Ulysses《尤利西斯》(stream of consciousness, a modern prose epic); Dubliners《都柏林人》