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2017年湖北普通专升本实用英语语法笔记（二十四）

Chapter 28. 省略句

英语中,为了避免重复,常常省略句子中的一个或几个成分,这样的句子叫省略句。 1、简单句中的省略：

在对话中,交谈双方都知道谈论的对象,则可以省略句子的主语,省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现的很多。

2、并列句中的省略：在并列句中,相同的成分如主语,谓语,宾语等都可以省略。例如： They learn French and we English./John won the first race and Jimmy the second./Coral is not a plant but a variety of animal life. 3、复合句中的省略： 复合句 例句 注意 定语从句That’s the reason he is late for the ①如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓中 conference. 语部分或上文的谓语部分相同,可将从句部状语从句If heated, water will boil./ We’ll go to help 分的谓语省略。 ②在动词不定式结构中,为了避免重复,常中 you if necessary. 常省略不定式结构中的动词原形,只保留Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming to。 across the river. ③在used to, ought to, have to, would 宾语从句We will do what we can(do)to help you. like/love to, wish to, be going to等中 动词不定Don’t tell me the name of the sailor if you 结构中,常常省略to后面的动词原形。 ④Tell , warn , order , advise , ask式的省略 don’t want to. 其他 They do not visit their parents as much as they 等动词的宾语后面接动词不定式做宾语补足语时,可以省略to后面的动词原形。 ought to. He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to. The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to.

Chapter 29.强调句型

一、常用的强调句结构是it 引导的句子,结构为It is(was)+ 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语,宾语和状语。例如： It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。 It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 知道读了你的信,我才知道实际情形。

强调句的连词只有两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用 \其余用that。以句子My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.为例,强调各句子成分： ①强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. ②强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.

③强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)

④强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening. 注：去掉It be… that(who)的强调句还应是一个完整的句子。例如：It is ten years since Miss Green returned to Canada.并不是强调句。 二、用助动词进行强调

句子的强调句还可以用助动词do(did,does)强调谓语。例如：She does like this horse./Please do take care of yourself.

Chapter 30. 独立主格结构

1、独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 2、独立主格结构的特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。②名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。③独立主格结构一般有逗

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号与主句分开。例如：

The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许,我们明天去看你。

This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。

He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻得红通通的。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆

3、with的复合结构作独立主格：表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构,即with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如： He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。 注：

①独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)劫匪冲进房间,手里拿着刀。

②当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。例如：

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙紧咬,双手握拳,两眼直望着上面。 典型例题：Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。

如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If

weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

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